Nehushtan

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Moses lifts up the brass snake, curing the Israelites of snake bites. Hezekiah called the snake Nehushtan.
Moses lifts up the brass snake, curing the Israelites of snake bites. Hezekiah called the snake Nehushtan.

The Nehushtan (or Nehustan, Hebrew: נחושתן or נחש הנחושת) was a sacred object in the form of a bronze snake upon a pole. In the seventh century BC, King Hezekiah instituted a religious iconoclastic reform and destroyed the Nehustan.(2 Kings). It is identified with the bronze snake mentioned in the biblical Book of Numbers, which was used by Moses to cure the Israelites from snake bites.[1]

Contents

[edit] Origin

The creation of a bronze snake (the Nehustan) is attributed to Moses in the Book of Numbers.

21.6. And the Lord sent fiery serpents among the people, and they bit the people; and much people of Israel died.
21.7. Therefore the people came to Moses, and said, We have sinned, for we have spoken against the Lord, and against thee; pray unto the Lord, that he take away the serpents from us. And Moses prayed for the people.
21.8. And the Lord said unto Moses, Make thee a fiery serpent, and set it upon a pole: and it shall come to pass, that every one that is bitten, when he looketh upon it, shall live.
21.9. And Moses made a serpent of brass, and put it upon a pole, and it came to pass, that if a serpent had bitten any man, when he beheld the serpent of brass, he lived.[2]

The documentary hypothesis attributes these passages to the Elohist source recounting a folk tradition concerning a northern cult image.[citation needed]

Archaeological excavations at sites associated with Midianite ware at the ruins of Seti II's temple to Hathor at Timna, in Edomite Seir, have unearthed copper statues of serpents. [3] Whether these were cult images similar to the Nehushtan is unknown.

[edit] Destruction

in 1508 Michelangelo Buonarroti, commissioned by Pope Julius II, painted on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel an image of the plague of serpents sent upon the Israelites and their deliverance by the creation of the bronze serpent.
in 1508 Michelangelo Buonarroti, commissioned by Pope Julius II, painted on the ceiling of the Sistine Chapel an image of the plague of serpents sent upon the Israelites and their deliverance by the creation of the bronze serpent.

Nehushtan was possibly set up in Jerusalem by Ahaz. [4][unreliable source?] The biblical book of 2 Kings says that King Hezekiah destroyed the Nehustan. The destruction of the Nehustan was encouraged by the priests of the first temple who favoured a centralised monotheistic religion and did not entertain other religious places.[citation needed] The name "Nehushtan" may indicate that Hezekiah meant to disparage the image as a brazen thing, a mere piece of brass (2 Kings 18:4). This, however, may be a subtle play on words: heb. נחש (nachash) means "serpent" while נחשת (nachoshet) means "brass" or "bronze".[citation needed]

When the king came to the throne of Judah in the late 8th century BC:

"He removed the high places, and brake the images, and cut down the groves, and brake in pieces the brasen serpent that Moses had made: for unto those days the children of Israel did burn incense to it: and he called it Nehushtan." 2 Kings 18:4
An 18th-century Protestant image: The Brazen Serpent, by Benjamin West; among the overthrown, an unmistakable reference to the Laocoön
An 18th-century Protestant image: The Brazen Serpent, by Benjamin West; among the overthrown, an unmistakable reference to the Laocoön

The dual -an ending might signify that the idol was actually of two snakes upon the pole, leading some to see a similarity with the familiar entwined snakes on the staff that survived in Hermes' caduceus and the single snake on the Rod of Asclepius.[citation needed]

It has also been suggested that Hezekiah's destruction of the Nehushtan was a result of the balance of power moving towards Assyria, which permitted him to remain on the throne of Judah as a puppet ruler. Hezekiah demonstrated his loyalty to the new regime by the destruction of an important symbol with Egyptian associations. [5]

[edit] "Nehushtan" in Milan

In the Basilica of Sant'Ambrogio, on the inside of the third pier on the left stands a short column topped by a bronze serpent, a 10th-century Byzantine work. Popular imagination connects it with Nehushtan.

[edit] Significance to Christianity

In the Gospel of John Jesus compared himself to Nehushtan. Jesus taught:

"As Moses lifted up the serpent in the wilderness, even so must the Son of Man be lifted up, that whoever believes in Him should not perish but have eternal life".[6]

Among conservative Christians and Jews, the healing is not attributed to the snake itself. The snake is thought to have been a representation of the punishment and the repentance of the Children of Israel.[citation needed]

[edit] Significance to members of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints

To members of the Church, the Book of Mormon asserts the veracity of Biblical teachings centering on Jesus Christ, including the symbolism of the brazen serpent. The ancient New World prophets Nephi, Alma the Younger, and Helaman taught their people that Moses created the brazen serpent at the command of the Lord as a means of healing the children of Israel, the brazen serpent being a type [1] of Jesus Christ who would be lifted up upon the cross and heal those who looked to Him. Augmenting the Biblical account, these prophets noted that many rejected the offer of healing:

"And he did straiten them in the wilderness with his rod; for they hardened their hearts, even as ye have; and the Lord straitened them because of their iniquity. He sent fiery flying serpents among them; and after they were bitten he prepared a way that they might be healed; and the labor which they had to perform was to look; and because of the simpleness of the way, or the easiness of it, there were many who perished." [2]

"But few understood the meaning of those things, and this because of the hardness of their hearts. But there were many who were so hardened that they would not look, therefore they perished. Now the reason they would not look is because they did not believe that it would heal them." [3]

"Yea, did he [Moses] not bear record that the Son of God should come? And as he lifted up the brazen serpent in the wilderness, even so shall he be lifted up who should come. And as many as should look upon that serpent should live, even so as many as should look upon the Son of God with faith, having a contrite spirit, might live, even unto that life which is eternal." [4]

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ "Modern exegesis holds two different opinions in regard to the meaning of the word "Nehushtan," which is explained either as denoting an image of bronze, and as entirely unconnected with the word "naḥash" (serpent), or as a lengthened form of "naḥash" (comp. νεεσθάν in the Septuagint), and thus as implying that the worship of serpents was of ancient date in Israel. The assumption that the tradition about "Nehushtan" is not older than the time of Hezekiah is, however, not contested." (Jewish Encyclopedia, s.v. "Nehushtan")
  2. ^ Numbers 21: 5-9.
  3. ^ Magnusson, Magnus, "Archaeology of the Bible Lands" (BBC Books)
  4. ^ Sharpe, S. (1890).The history of the Hebrew nation and its literature: with an appendix on the Hebrew chronology. London: Williams and Norgate. Pages 170.
  5. ^ "The Mystery of the Nechushtan", Hershel Shanks, Biblical Archaeology Review, p58-63, March/April 2007.
  6. ^ John 3:14-15.

[edit] External links