Talk:Money

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2002 - June 2006 discussions, July 2006 - April 2007


Contents

[edit] Money is Proof

Money is proof. Of what? That is the question. Answer it, and you can understand money completely. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 67.68.34.230 (talk) 18:57, 10 June 2008 (UTC)

[edit] GA Review

GA review (see here for criteria)
  1. It is reasonably well written.
    a (prose): b (MoS):
  2. It is factually accurate and verifiable.
    a (references): b (citations to reliable sources): c (OR):
  3. It is broad in its coverage.
    a (major aspects): b (focused):
  4. It follows the neutral point of view policy.
    a (fair representation): b (all significant views):
  5. It is stable.
  6. It contains images, where possible, to illustrate the topic.
    a (tagged and captioned): b lack of images (does not in itself exclude GA): c (non-free images have fair use rationales):
  7. Overall:
    a Pass/Fail:

[edit] Suggestions

[edit] 1a. There are a few spelling/grammar errors.

  • 4. Liquidity: econmy → economy
  • Credit: aggregrates → aggregates
  • Problems with precious metals as money (specie): jewellery → jewelry (if "jewellery is the British spelling, disregard).
  • Problems with paper as money: bills,Malaysia → bills, Malaysia

[edit] 1b. There are many issues under this criteria.

“ The lead should be capable of standing alone as a concise overview of the article, establishing context, summarizing the most important points, explaining why the subject is interesting or notable, and briefly describing its notable controversies, if there are any. It should not "tease" the reader by hinting at important information that will appear later in the article. It should contain up to four paragraphs, should be carefully sourced as appropriate, and should be written in a clear, accessible style so as to invite a reading of the full article. „
  • WP:MOS states:
    • "In a heading, capitalize only the first letter of the first word and the first letter of any proper nouns, and leave all of the other letters in lowercase. Example: “Rules and regulations”, not “Rules and Regulations”." Social Evolution of Money, Money Supply, and The Future of Money need to be corrected.
    • "Avoid the use of links in headings." This is present in all headings below Characteristics.
    • "Do not assume that your reader is familiar with the acronym or abbreviation you are using. The standard writing style is to spell out the acronym or abbreviation on the first reference (wikilinked if appropriate) and then show the acronym or abbreviation after it, in parentheses. This tells readers they will probably find it later in the text and makes it easy for them to refer back to it."
*Under History, US, UK, and USA make initial appearances. US and UK need to be corrected as per above, USA changed to US. And both wikified.Y Done
*Under Private currencies, United States needs to be changed to US, as per above, and de-wikified.Y Done
    • (Concerning wikifying) "Redundant links clutter up the page and make future maintenance harder."
  • fiat money--wikified in History--redirects to fiat currency--wikilinked in Characteristics-It is a store of value.
  • Barter is wikified in both the lead and Desirable features-To be anonymous.
  • Gold and silver are wikified in History, Desirable features-To be anonymous, and Modern forms (gold only).
  • Money supply is wikified in the lead, credit (two times), Money and economy, and Money supply.
  • In the headings under Characteristics, it is unnecessary that they include numbers. It is understood from the unsourced rhyme that there are four functions, therefore there need not be numbers. Additionally, there really need not be headings at all. They should simply be bold titles like those below Desirable features.

There may be more issues, but I'll stop there for the time being.

[edit] 2a-b. This is a big issue.

There are very few sources for this article... and I noticed that it's been (minimally) tagged for months. Considering its length and the number of topics covered, there should be at least three dozen references. Of the six references that are present now, not one is formatted correctly. One isn't even tagged as a reference; it's listed in text under Characteristics-It is a medium of exchange.

[edit] 2c. Another big issue.

WP:NOR states that an article can have NO original research. You may know it to be true, but that does not make it encyclopedic. If you can't cite a source, delete it.

[edit] Conclusion

The current state of this article disqualifies it for GA. However, considering the importance of the topic, I've requested that it be the WikiProject Good Articles collaboration of the week (COW). Pending the results of that nomination this GA nomination is being put on hold. If the nomination for COW does not go through, the GA nomination will be failed unless there is significant progress in correcting the above issues. The hold period will be no more than seven days. --LaraLoveTalk/Contribs 06:51, 4 May 2007 (UTC)

[edit] GA Review: Missing coverage areas/Further suggestions

[edit] Characteristics of money

It seems to me that there are some key coverage areas that are missing from this article. Each of these above points is probably worth an article in and of themselves, but the main money article should at least let the reader know that these issues have to be considered for a fuller understanding of money.

Taking each of the 4 characteristics, one by one, I note:

  • Medium of exchange
    • PPP (Purchasing power parity) not mentioned - this is the theoretical basis for calculating exchange rates between currencies.
    • role of interest rate in exchange rates
    • management of exchange rates. Governments (and sometimes private funds or consortiums) attempt to manage the exchange rate. Their methods vary in terms of their method of control and their method of calculating a desirable rate. Methods of control include: rates fixed by government agencies, manipulation of interest rates, manipulation of government spending, purchase of excess currency, sale of currency to increase supply. Methods for calculating a fair rate would include pegging to a more stable currency or commodity, pegging to a currency basket, and various kinds of models based on PPP or national economic statistics.
  • Unit of account
    • book value vs market value - two ways of accounting using money. This raises two issues:
      • the trade off between tracking cash flow (requires book value) vs. real value (requires market value)
      • objective vs. subjective measures of account (validity of measure)
    • present vs. future value - factoring in the time value of money
    • money systems within small groups - small social groups (e.g. kibbutzim, summer camps, prisons, primary school class rooms, residential mental health programs, corporations) sometimes develop private systems to track and/or trade privileges. These are arguably forms of "money" although they do not have liquidity outside of their small social group.
  • Storage medium
    • private exposure to currency fluctuations - those not in a position to control rates, try to limit their exposure to fluctuations via hedging using various sorts of currency derivatives.
    • impact of inflation and deflation - real value vs nominal value

[edit] Neutral point of view

  • Credit - only discusses why credit should not be counted in the money supply. There is another side to this argument and it needs to be addressed. Credit is in a gray zone because it makes future money available now. If money supply is a measure of purchasing power, credit needs to be included. If money supply is a measure of national assets or wealth it needs to be excluded. If money supply is a measure of economic health it can go either way depending on whether one is more concerned about demand or supply side effects.


[edit] Article organization

I think the article could be made a little easier to read and evaluate if it were restructured. 18 main topics is a bit much. I might suggest the following reorganization based on the four characteristics? An explanation follows.

  1. Historical and social context
    1. Historical forms
    2. Social evolution of money
    3. Linkages between money and other social institutions
    4. Modern forms
    5. The future of money
    6. Benchmark world currencies
  2. Economic characteristics
    1. Money as a medium of exchange
      1. Desirable characteristics
      2. Commodity based standards (e.g. gold)
      3. Money defined by social contract (e.g. paper money)
    2. Money as a unit of account
      1. Desirable characteristics
      2. Market value vs. book value
      3. Present value vs. future value - time value of money
    3. Money as a storage medium
      1. Desirable characteristics
      2. Hedging to preserve value
      3. Impact of inflation and deflation
      4. Physical decay and commodity backed currencies
    4. Liquidity
      1. Money should be anonymous (this is really a liquidity issue)
  3. Managing the national money supply
    1. Tracking the money supply (definition, statistics)
    2. Credit - when is it money?
    3. Private currencies
    4. Economic impact
  • Economic characteristics of money.
    • The content of the Desirable characteristics section should be grouped under each of the four characteristics. They are already, but by putting them in a top level heading the conceptual link is harder to see
    • The section Money#Economic value of money is primarily about the value of different kinds of money as a medium of exchange.
  • Managing the national money supply.
    • The four sections Money supply, Credit, Money and economy, and Private currencies are all about how governments do or should control the supply of money within their economy and why. Their content should also be grouped into a single major section.
    • Credit is really part of a larger discussion of what should be counted in the money supply.
    • The theorists listed in Money and economy are concerned primarily with the economic effects of the money supply are focused on the money supply internal to the economy as well as what impacts it and how to control it in a way beneficial to the economy.
    • Money#Private currencies discusses nations granting rights to print money - this also is driven by a country's money supply management policy
I think this is getting too technical here when talking about the money supply. A lot of these ideas can be expanded in money supply or central bank, and probably should. Leigao84 16:49, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
I agree with this proposed reorganisation JQ 08:41, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Source citations

I know this has already been said, but it can't be stressed enough. This article really needs strong secondary source citations - e.g. well respected textbooks and journal articles. Encyclopedic websites aren't probably suitable unless their academic qualifications have been validated.

Egfrank 10:04, 6 May 2007 (UTC)

I've added a few and will try to put in some more when I get time.JQ 08:42, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Sections

As noted above, there are far too many sections. I've merged "social evolution of money" into "history of money". I've also replaced the scrappy future of money section with one on currency unions. One section that should be reduced to a sentence or two, in my view is that on private currencies. Unless someone disagrees, I'll put it into history of money where it belongs. JQ 23:53, 6 May 2007 (UTC)


Good call. I moved the currency union section into the history section, seeing as it is really the next stage. Hope that is OK.

[edit] Private currency section

JQ - sounds right to me, perhaps it should be moved into the History of Money#Representative money section along with the link to the main article on private currencies.

But it may not be a good idea just to copy it wholesale. The last paragraph in particular, is problematic:

  • The Big Mac index is not an appropriate citation - its a humorous measure of PPP, *not* something backing a currency.
  • The discussion about currencies backed with energy or other perishables looks like someone might have confused money with derivatives. (Technically even a bank-note backed by a non-perishable commodity such as gold is a derivative. A derivative is defined as any financial instrument whose value is contractually derived from the price of an underlying). So the question is: what differentiates money from derivatives and what currencies backed by perishables meet this standard?
  • The transaction volume of private currencies needs a citation - if it really is 12b per annum, it probably at least deserves a mention in the money article.

Egfrank 03:30, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

I agree that we need a sentence or so, not a wholesale move. Average daily turnover in global financial markets is around $1.2 trillion [1], so I don't think $12 billion a year merits a mention unless it is put in this context.JQ 07:25, 9 May 2007 (UTC)
Good point. Egfrank 08:23, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Quotes about money

I'm not too enamored by this section. I think it should be taken out? Leigao84 16:51, 9 May 2007 (UTC)

How about replacing that section with a single link to Wikiquote (Money)? --rich<Rich Janis 09:09, 29 July 2007 (UTC)>

[edit] legality...

this article defines money as having to be legally acceptable, yet in the History of money article it lists cigarettes as an example of money. Which is right? Kingturtle 11:56, 13 May 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Types of money

I Boldly deleted this section because it seemed to me to restate material presented earlier in a rather unencyclopedic tone. But I probably should have discussed before doing so.JQ 03:40, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Types of Money

I see the types of money section has been removed. I'm wondering if we could discuss this and consider putting it back. The stated reason is that it is redundant. I don't see this at all.

  • alluding to the concept of "types of money" via links while discussing the history of money is *not* the same as discussing the conceptual framework behind the idea that money has types. It fails to focus on the conceptual dynamics and leaves the false impression that things like "fiat money" are nothing more than different ways to back physical currency. In today's world where the vast majority of the money supply exists solely in electronic or contractual form, it is important for people to understand the distinction between money and currency.
  • the dynamics implied by the "types of money" are important to understanding much of modern monetary policy or the relationship between currency fluctuations and political risk, i.e. the relationship between contracts, legal systems, risk, future vs. current payment etc.
  • the idea that money has different "types" is important to understanding why there is such a thing as M1, M2, M3 or why countries may differ in the way they track money supply.
  • without an explicit discussion of the types of money we are likely to eventually get editors trying to turn this article into a diatrabe for one standard or another (there were several paragraphs that appeared to be thinly veiled polemics for the gold standard in the article before we began working on this article last week).
  • similarly we are likely to get a reappearance of the section that tried to insist that credit was something different from money rather than a particular type of money.
  • the section also discussed strengths and limitation of the different types of money and their effects on economic growth. I don't see where that appears anywhere in the remainder of the article.

I do agree that there is some repetition ... rather than remove the types of money section, I would recommend that we deal with some of the redundancy by moving some of the pro/con stuff from the history of money section to the types of money section. There will, however, be a limit to the amount we can move because some of the concepts that rightly belong in a discussion of types of money are needed to understand the history.

Another possibility is to move the types of money section before the history of money section. This would reduce the need to explain types of money in the history section. I didn't do that earlier because most people have a concrete notion of money (money = currency) and so might find the "types of money" discussion a bit dry. I felt putting the history of money section first helps people make the transition from a concrete to an abstract understanding of money. Readers are more prepared for the more theoretical discussion after they have read the history section.

Egfrank 04:15, 15 May 2007 (UTC)

I take your point but, to the extent that it wasn't redundant, I felt that the section gave a rather uncritical and unencyclopedic presentation of the views of Ludwig von Mises, who is a pretty marginal figure in monetary theory these days. As in so much of this article, what we need is citation to a proper source giving an accessible presentation of the mainstream view. It's not really my field, but I'll see what I can dig up. JQ 12:05, 15 May 2007 (UTC)
I agree that the section is incomplete and unbalanced. For example, whereas 3 whole sub-sections are devoted to each of the Mises categories, there is almost no discussion of the categorization system behind M0-3 (important for a great deal of econometric research). Also the introductory paragraph to the section only mentions Mises and says nothing about modern theory. Anything you can do to address this would be great!
I think a balanced presentation should include all the mainstream categorization systems we can find, with an explanation of their theoretical or pragmatic significance. M0-3 seems to use liquidity as the categorization principle with currency (M0) being the most liquid and large time deposits (M3) being the least. By contrast the commodity-credit-fiat distinction focuses on the source of trust. The value of each categorization system depends on the kind of economic behavior we need to induce or explain.
Minor though Mises might be, the system of categorization that he bases his work upon appears to be widely taught based on a quick survey of on-line college course lecture notes. (But note the variation in the third category which Mises calls credit money: Deposit money (UPenn), fiduciary money(Drexel), Electronic money(iowa). )
One possible reason why this categorization does not get heavy play in modern monetary theory is that such theory was developed primarily to explain the behavior of developed economies. Liquidity based categorization is more useful and interesting because the different types co-exist within a developed economy. This makes them more amenable to econometric modeling.
On the other hand, there are contexts where trust based categorizations such as commodity-fiat-credit are quite helpful in framing problems. I recall some work I did several years ago on African warehouse receipts programs and their role in developing the supply of capital. Fiat currencies rely heavily on the economics of trust. When governments are perceived by the West as having little stability and transparency, it is difficult to use free market forces to attract capital or stabilize the currency. One solution to this is to use modern financial markets and hedging strategies to create stable money-like instruments (warehouse receipts) backed by tradable commodities. The idea is that the warehouse receipts will be attractive to both local and western investors because they are backed by the world financial markets and not by the government.
Can you clarify what you meant by uncritical rehashing of Mises? Beyond the wording for the definitions of each type of money and the comment that he based his theory around this particular categorization system, I'm not sure what comes from Mises in this section. Most of the material is a rearrangement from the pre-improvement drive version of the Wiki article and came from several editors who didn't cite their sources. The explanation of credit risk is standard finance and I believe postdates the cited work by Mises. The discussion of the role of supply and demand in commodity based currencies was part of the original Wiki article and goes back to Adam Smith - the Wealth of Nations. (see Book I, chapters III-V). As for the categorization system, Adam Smith does not use the terms commodity and fiat currency but the concept is present in books III when he theorizes that weighing coins is burdensome so people began to trust coins based on their imprint and not their metallic weight.
I'm going to put the section back with some reworking to make it clearer that there are alternate categorization schemes, but it will be just a start. At least that way we will have a text over which we can discuss specific problems. Egfrank 03:35, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
I guess I was put off at the start by the unencyclopedic tone of "a point driven home in his (von Mises) book The Theory of Money and Credit", and some unsourced claims in the discussion that followed.
More to the point though, as your discussion indicates, the commodity-fiat-credit categorization recapitulates the historical development we already have in the article. If we want to use any of this, including history of thought on the topic, it fits naturally in the history section. For a modern approach, we really want to focus on liquidity, as you say. Also, we need a main article on Monetary economics, which currently just redirects here. Money supply needs lots of work too, unfortunately.JQ 08:05, 16 May 2007 (UTC)
I wonder if we might be having a debate here between a macro-economic perspective and a finance perspective? If we want to be throughly modern, I think we also need to consider trust, risk, and institutional stability as well as liquidity. Even cash holdings of a currency without trust are not going to be very liquid.
The commodity/fiat/credit distinction may no longer seem relevant when most modern currencies are fiat based or pegged in some form to one that is, but the issues it raises haven't gone away. It is impossible to model a fiat currency or foreign investment flows without considering things like political risk or the stability of the banking system. Also the widespread use of derivatives effectively recommoditizes some forms of money - for example, warehouse receipts programs turn commodity deposits into bank deposits against which farmers can withdraw local currency on demand. Egfrank 05:32, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
Good points. My feeling is that the best strategy may be to work on a Monetary economics article, and an improved article on Money supply, extracts of which could then be included in Money. The JEL classification codes list the following headings that could be used as a starting point (not all would be relevant at this stage)
JEL: E4 - Money and Interest Rates
       JEL: E40 - General
       JEL: E41 - Demand for Money
       JEL: E42 - Monetary Systems; Standards; Regimes; Government and the Monetary System
       JEL: E43 - Determination of Interest Rates; Term Structure of Interest Rates
       JEL: E44 - Financial Markets and the Macroeconomy
       JEL: E47 - Forecasting and Simulation
       JEL: E49 - Other
JEL: E5 - Monetary Policy, Central Banking, and the Supply of Money and Credit
       JEL: E50 - General
       JEL: E51 - Money Supply; Credit; Money Multipliers
       JEL: E52 - Monetary Policy (Targets, Instruments, and Effects)
       JEL: E58 - Central Banks and Their Policies
       JEL: E59 - Other
How does that sound?JQ 07:34, 17 May 2007 (UTC)
I think working on the Money Supply and Monetary Economics articles makes a lot of sense. It will easier to summarize in the money article after writing up the details. BTW were you aware that there is a Monetarism article? Monetary Economics really deserves its own article, but as a temporary move, I've changed its redirect to monetarism.
I'm fine with the JEL classification as headings, but I wonder if we might be better off starting work on a history/mini-lit-review section and then branching out from there? Neither of us are specialists in monetary economics it would give us both an opportunity to review what's out there. Based on my own brief reading so far, one of the challenges we face is that the field itself seems to be in a bit of a transition. (Ah - and people think contributing to Wikipedia is easy :-)) Cheers, Egfrank 05:12, 18 May 2007 (UTC)
Indeed it's a challenge. I'll put out some calls for help when I get a moment.JQ 08:36, 18 May 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Value of Money

I've taken out "Money is universally valued; so much so, that we take its value as self-evident and in need of no explanation. because I felt it didn't add anything to the article. Anyone object? Leigao84 17:01, 16 May 2007 (UTC)

If you have money but you can't use it or spend it then it loses it's value and is no better than a common rock.My mum,dad,and my grandparents on my father's side told me that piece of advice. User:Agent008 3rd April 2008 AD;11:40 PM GMT. —Preceding comment was added at 22:40, 3 April 2008 (UTC)

[edit] Failed GA

The article, in its current state, does not meet GA criteria. Once necessary changes have been made, it can be renominated. Thank you for your hard work so far, and good luck with future edits. Regards, LaraLoveT/C 18:15, 21 May 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Article is getting a lot better

This article on money, over the past year, has gotten a lot better. There is less debate, more attention to fact, and less nonsense. Money is the ultimate expression of free market economics, and this article is being re-defined in a free market way. Part of the reason why some issues cannot be found in text books, is that the concept of money is being continually refined and redefined by society and the marketplace. The world right now is very confused about what money actually is. Can paper even be money, when paper is really a promise to pay money such as gold and silver, and what about today, when today's "paper money" is no longer even a promise to pay money?—Preceding unsigned comment added by 71.142.203.112 (talk) 06:32, 8 June 2007

Hmm. Did you just answer your question while asking it? If paper money is not a promise to pay anything else, then doesn't that make it what you imply to be true money? 7;-> However, regardless of that, why would currency backed by specie not be money? Isn't it just a different form of money? (My 2¢--coin, not paper--worth.) --rich<Rich Janis 04:41, 29 July 2007 (UTC)>
SPECIE S/B IN ARTICLE-- Yes, getting better. Regarding the comment "... why would currency backed by specie not be money? ...", I was looking in the article for "specie", was surprised it's not there. —Preceding unsigned comment added by 72.145.255.151 (talk) 14:32, 9 September 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Monetary Policy?

In its current reading I think that the article is listing too many things under the heading "Monetary Policy". Some of the actions like raising/lowering taxes or increasing/decreasing spending is rather to consider measures related to Fiscal Policy. --Smallchanges 10:29, 11 August 2007 (UTC)

What do you suggest to do? (Patricia Op 23:12, 31 August 2007 (UTC))

[edit] Fiat Money and Savings

A suggestion on an interesting point that seems worth mentioning in this article and bringing out in the Fiat money article: As a concept Fiat money tends to work well when individuals acquiring money spend the majority of what they acquire within a relatively short period of time. But when the population at large has a tendency to save a high proportion of their earnings this tends to depress the economy in the long run (a problem China has traditionally had). This, of course, is why laws in some nations restrict inheritance from one generation to the next. All of this, though, would seem counter-intuitive to the average person since, the more money everybody saves, the richer they should be. But obviously, this is not true.

One interesting example of this phenomenon is the spending associated with the retired members of society. Because the money they spend (apart from social security) is derived from goods and services they produced many years in the past, that money is, in effect worthless (i.e. it mostly does not represent any product of any current value to society). Many argue that this is part of the reason that when a large number of people retire the economy becomes depressed. It is also why some people argue that shifting support of retirees to taxes instead of personal savings can actually be beneficial to an economy (controversial but interesting nevertheless).

Anyway, this seems like a significant aspect of fiat money that is less true with commodity money. This aspect is implied but not explicitly brought out in the articles as currently written.

--Mcorazao 23:24, 5 November 2007 (UTC)

I don't see why it should. There is nothing about fiat money that makes it inherently less representative of products or services of value to a society. Since those things are ultimately what back it, and what it can be traded for (two ways of saying the same thing). There's no fundamental difference between saving fiat money, savings bonds, gold certificates, or gold itself for your retirement. Any problems China has with currency lie in how much currency it prints, not in the fact that people save that currency. The currency is devalued only if you print new stuff to replace the old stuff that is out of circulation, pretending that it was destroyed. But if isn't, then you end up with inflation later when it's eventually put back into circulation. But that's your error. The problem is not savings, but failure to allow for savings in expanding the circulating money supply. SBHarris 05:39, 2 April 2008 (UTC)


[edit] CRITICISM OF MONEY

Just out of curiosity, why is there no section critical of money and money systems? No economic alternatives are suggested either, and a contrast with barter might be worth inclusion too. Any input on this?Oposie (talk) 20:52, 17 March 2008 (UTC)

Be bold and add a section. Just make sure you include a reference so we can see where you're getting your info. The problem with barter is that whatever you barter is not likely something you're going to carry around with you, be it watermelons or a promise to do 3 hours of legal work. To trade these, they must all be reduced to paper, barter chits, or some other record, unless you have the world's best memory. And we have a handy name and concept for such records, chits, etc. We call them "money." SBHarris 05:42, 2 April 2008 (UTC)

[edit] how much money exists in the world in dollars?

how much money exists in the world in dollars? in Euros? --Emesee (talk) 22:47, 30 March 2008 (UTC)

Do you mean how many dollars are circulating today? Or what is the total value of all money (from all countries) outstanding, converted to dollars? The first one is a lot easier to figure out. Also, do you mean physical dollar bills? Or are you thinking of M1 or M2? -FrankTobia (talk) 04:04, 31 March 2008 (UTC)

[edit] Content that should be added back in

I looked up the following citation to the U.S. Code about how melting coins is now outlawed. This is a real phenomenon that was recently mentioned on 60 minutes; can we find a place to add it back in?

Melting of coins, in particular pennies, is still a concern in the United States, so much so that the United States Mint has outlawed the practice <ref>[http://ecfr.gpoaccess.gov/cgi/t/text/text-idx?c=ecfr&tpl=/ecfrbrowse/Title31/31cfr82_main_02.tpl 31 CFR Part 82, 72 FR 61055], also [http://regulations.justia.com/view/93493/ http://regulations.justia.com/view/93493/]</ref>. --JoeLibrarian (talk) 01:47, 8 May 2008 (UTC)