Missouri State Guard
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The Missouri State Guard (MSG) was a state militia organized in the state of Missouri during the early days of the American Civil War. While not a formal part of the Confederate States Army, the State Guard fought alongside Confederate troops and, at times, under regular Confederate officers.
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[edit] Background and formation
The Missouri State Legislature passed the "Military Bill" on May 11, 1861, in direct response to the Camp Jackson Affair in St. Louis the previous day. The final version of the act approved on May 14 authorized the Governor of Missouri, Claiborne Fox Jackson, to disband the old informal Missouri State Militia and reform it as the Missouri State Guard to resist the invasion by the Union Army. It also outlawed or prohibited other militia organizations except those authorized by the Guard's district commanders. This prohibition included the predominantly unionist German Home Guard units that had not been Federalized. The law did allow for formation of new local Home Guards under the auspices of the MSG, but these were limited to 14-17 and 45+ year olds. It also specified that the language of all spoken commands was to be English.[1]
The act divided the state into nine Military Districts based on the Federal Congressional Districts and made men ages 18 to 45 years of age eligible for MSG service unless exempted due to occupation, office or other reasons. While the act termed each district a "division", they were organized along brigade lines. The actual forces of a district consisted of all the regiments, not of brigades of these regiments. Each district's division was to be commanded by a brigadier general who was a resident of the district, and elected by the commissioned officers of the district. An act was passed on May 15 for the appointment of a major general to act as field commander; the first appointed was Major General Sterling "Pap" Price, the popular former governor and one of the most influential men in Missouri.[2]
[edit] History
Recruits for the MSG began to quickly assemble in Jefferson City in mid-May. However, after an agreement, the Price-Harney Truce on May 20 between Price and the Federal department commander William S. Harney, the call up was halted. On May 30, Harney was relieved and Lyon took command of the department. On June 11, a meeting to resolve some disagreements resulted in the collapse of the truce. Price and Jackson fled St. Louis for Jefferson City. The next day Governor Jackson called for 50,000 volunteers to defend Missouri from the Union army; thousands of men answered the proclamation and enlisted in their respective districts/divisions.
The embryonic Missouri State Guard suffered a serious initial setback in a skirmish at Boonville on June 17 and began a retreat toward extreme southwestern Missouri. Two days later the MSG's path was cleared when a local MSG infantry and cavalry battalion under Lieutenant Colonel Walter S. O'Kane decisively defeated and captured the Benton County Home Guard at Cole Camp. Another victory on July 5 at the Battle of Carthage bought time for Price to begin training and organizing his raw recruits, many who had reported for military duty carrying only farm implements or antiquated hunting weapons.
Price, along with Confederate regulars and members of the Arkansas State Militia, then defeated a Union force under Nathaniel Lyon at Wilson's Creek on August 10, killing Lyon and driving back his army. Price, with 10,000 men, defeated Kansas Senator James Lane and his "Jayhawkers" at Big Dry Wood Creek on September 1–2, and then captured 3,600 Federal troops in the First Battle of Lexington (Battle of the Hemp Bales) in mid-month. As Frémonts' Union army finally advanced toward Springfield the Guard withdrew. A bold dash by Major Charles Zagonyi's mounted vanguard routed some local MSG troops waiting in ambush on October 25, 1861 at the Battle of Springfield I, but it was a small affair.
A rump session of the exiled (and replaced) Missouri legislature convened and voted to secede on October 30 with the governor signing on October 31, 1861. While in winter camp, Price began enrolling many of his men into the regular Confederate service. On March 17, 1862, he merged the Missouri State Guard into the Army of the West. Former Missouri State Guard troops were to make up the core of Price's Army of Missouri which participated in Price's Raid in 1864 to recapture the state. A small number of Guard units remained independent until the end of the war in 1865, seeing action at the Battle of Pea Ridge (Elkhorn Tavern) and other engagements in the Trans-Mississippi Theater under generals Mosby M. Parsons and James S. Rains.
[edit] Strength
The foremost authorities on the Missouri State Guard recently estimated that at least 34,000 Missourians served in the Guard at one point or another during the war and that the actual number was probably near 40,000.[3] The Guard's strength peaked at approximately 23,000 to 28,000 in September of 1861 with approximately 5,000 in Southeast Missouri in M. Jeff Thompson's First Division operating independently of the main body surrounding Price near Lexington. [4]
[edit] County list for Missouri State Guard divisions
The Guard's divisions were based on congressional districts and composed of the following counties: [5]
- First District/First Division: St Francois, Ste. Genevieve, Perry, Cape Girardeau, Bollinger, Madison, Iron, Wayne, Stoddard, Scott, Mississippi, New Madrid, Butler, Dunklin, and Pemiscot.
- Second District/Second Division: Scotland, Clark, Knox, Lewis, Shelby, Marion, Monroe, Ralls, Pike, Audrain, Callaway, Montgomery, Lincoln, Warren, and St. Charles.
- Third District/Third Division: Putnam, Schuyler, , Sullivan, Adair, Linn, Macon, Chariton, Randolph, Howard, and Boone.
- Fourth District/Fourth Division: Gentry, Harrison, Mercer, Grundy, De Kalb, Daviess, Livingston, Clinton, Caldwell, Ray, Carroll, and Worth.
- Fifth District/Fifth Division: Atchison, Nodaway, Holt, Andrew, Buchanan, Platte, and Clay.
- Sixth District/Sixth Division: Saline, Pettis, Cooper, Moniteau, Cole, Osage, Gasconade, Maries, Miller, Morgan, Camden, Pulaski, and Phelps.
- Seventh District/Seventh Division: Dallas, Laclede, Texas, Dent, Reynolds, Shannon, Wright, Webster, Greene, Christian, Stone, Taney, Douglas, Ozark, Howell, Oregon, Carter, and Ripley.
- Eighth District/Eighth Division: Jackson, Lafayette, Cass, Johnson, Bates, Henry, Benton, Hickory, Polk, St. Calir, Vernon, Cedar, Dade, Barton, Jasper, Lawrence, Newton, McDonald, and Barry.
- Ninth District/Ninth Division: St. Louis, Washington, Franklin, Jefferson, and Crawford. (Never formally organized following the Camp Jackson Affair, units served with other commands.)
[edit] Flag
The Missouri State Guard did not have an official flag until MSG General Sterling Price ordered on June 5, 1861, [6]
"III. Each regiment will adopt the State flag, made of blue merino, 6 by 5 feet, with the Missouri coat-of-arms in gold gilt on each side. Each mounted company will have a guidon, the flag of which will be of white merino, 3 by 2 1/2 feet, with the letters M.S.G. in gilt on each side."
[edit] References
- ^ "An Act to Provide for the Organization, Government, and Support of the Military Forces, State of Missouri." 21st General Assembly, Jefferson City, 1861
- ^ Organization and Status of Missouri Troops (Union and Confederate) in Service During the Civil War, Washington, Government Printing Office, 1902, pages 255-6
- ^ Richard C. Peterson, James E. McGhee, Kip A. Lindberg, Keith I. Daleen, Sterling Price's Lieutenants, Revised Edition, Two Trails Publishing, 2007, page 28
- ^ Richard C. Peterson, James E. McGhee, Kip A. Lindberg, Keith I. Daleen, Sterling Price's Lieutenants, Revised Edition, Two Trails Publishing, 2007, page 28
- ^ "An Act to Provide for the Organization, Government, and Support of the Military Forces, State of Missouri." 21st General Assembly, Jefferson City, 1861
- ^ The War of the Rebellion: A Compilation of the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Armies, Series I, Volume 53, page 694
- Parrish, William E., A History of Missouri: Volume III, 1860 to 1875 (2001) ISBN 0-8262-0148-2.
