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[edit] Shrewsbury Oak Middle School
Oak Middle School, is a public Middle school located on 45 Oak Street, Shrewsbury, MA. The middle school, is not a typical middle school, for it is comprised of only the 7th and 8th grade. Due to the overcrowding of children in Shrewood Middle School, which now hosts 5th and 6th grade,
[edit] Staff 2008
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[edit] Article
- With the support of powerful protestant German princes, the Reformation initiated by Martin Luther was carried through rapidly in large parts of the empire. Following the first religious wars, the Peace of Augsburg created a balance of power between the Catholics and the Protestants, but the peace was unstable as it made no concessions of the Calvinists. Thus conflicts as a result of confessional differences took place even after the Peace of Augsburg. Through a group of stages, the conflict progressively intensified through to the eve of the Thirty Years War.
[edit] Reformation and The Peasants' War
- After the death of Maxmilian I, Charles V his grandson, was elected Holy Roman Emperor[1] in 1519, whose elections was ensured by the payment of enormous bribes to the electors. The Habsburgs raised money by going into debt with the merchant house of Fugger, whose trading network covered the whole of the known world. Meanwhile, the Reformation had begun.
[edit] Beginning of Reformation
- Initially the Reformation was a reform movement within the Church that had been incited by the Church's practice of selling indulgences. In 1517 in Wittenberg, Martin Luther made public his 95 theses to reform the church. He broke with the church in 1520 when the pope threatened him with excommunication[2], and in 1521 Luther defended his theses at the Diet of Worms. The movement developed momentum through the backing of powerful German princes. Elector Frederick of Saxony sheltered Luther in Wartburg Castle, where Luther attempted to translate the Bible into German.
- The Reformation soon became linked to the social upheaval of the time. In 1522-1523 there was an uprising of imperial knights under Ulrich von Hutten and Franz von Sickingen, who saw themselves as representatives of humanism and the Reformation.[3] Peasants rebelled aganist the aristocratic landowners in 1524-1525, plundering manors and monasteries in Franconia and Swabia. Luther sided with the princes against the peasants, while the radical reformer Thomas Münzer led the peasants in Thuringia.
In 1525 the peasant army was defeated at Frankenhausen by the princes, and Münzer was executed. Radical Anabaptists seized control of Münzer in 1533. [4]
[edit] The Organization of the Protestants
- After 1530, a large portion of the empire became Protestant.[5] The emperor won religious wars against the Schmalkaldic League, but the Protestants, who were supported by France, (the rivals of the Habsburgs), won the balance of power in the Peace of Augsburg of 1555.
- Holy Roman Emperor Charles V ruled a vast empire, which spanned Spain, the New World, Austria, northern Italy, and the Netherlands. He completely
