Mesures usuelles
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Mesures usuelles (French for customary measurements) were a system of measurement introduced to act as compromise between metric system and traditional measurements.
The French First Republic established the metric system, but could not provide an education system for all of its citizens to train them unto familiarity and acceptance. Indeed, there was hardly any public communication at the detail required outside the Paris area. Most people could not even buy all the measuring instruments to fully grasp the concepts and use the metric system, anyway, and still thought in terms which were mostly non-decimal, but had the fractional subdivisions of the previous system: a livre (pound) was thought necessarily to be divided into sixteen onces (ounces); a toise (fathom or double-yard) was thought to be divided into 72 pouces (inches)—as though these were absolute concepts.
| "I laugh at decimal divisions." [1] "The scientists had another idea which was totally at odds with the benefits to be derived from the standardization of weights and measures; they adapted to them the decimal system, on the basis of the metre as a unit; they suppressed all complicated numbers. Nothing is more contrary to the organization of the mind, of the memory, and of the imagination. The new system of weights and measures will be a stumbling block and the source of difficulties for several generations." [2] |
Napoleon I, the Emperor of the French, himself despised the inconvenience of surrendering the high factorability of traditional measures in the name of decimality, and recognized the difficulty of its acceptance among the populace. In 1812 he accepted that for some time the common people could use the subdivisions they preferred, though these would not be based on the royal or provincial units of measurement, but the metric ones. Thus the prototypes of the metric units: the kilogram and metre served an immediate standardization over the whole country, instead of having several legal types in different parts of the country, let alone across the whole of Europe. The new (but never called "new") livre was accepted as five hundred grams, the new (but never called "new") toise was accepted as two metres. Products could be sold in shops under the old names, which related to one another in the same manner, but did not have quite the same absolute sizes. The term for this series of measurements was mesures usuelles.
The toise or French fathom, though used more often than an English fathom, was now defined as two metres in length, and was divided into 6 pieds, or "feet"; this French foot (thus being in length a third of a metre) being divided in turn into 12 pouces, or "inches", and, as in Britain but not as in the US, the inch was divided into 12 lignes, or lines.
Another old unit of measuring length, the aune or "ell" used to measure cloth was 120 centimetres, and divided into halves; tiers, meaning "thirds"; and quarters. (This measurement has survived in the form of wood sizes sold in hardware stores throughout Europe, but the name of the basic size, as well as its subdivisions, has been discarded.)
The litre was subdivided like an English quart, into demis (literally, "halves", being the equivalent of a pint of about sixteen fluid ounces), quarts (literally, "fourths", being the equivalent of a cup of about eight fluid ounces), huitièmes (literally, "eighths") and seizièmes (literally, "sixteenths", of about two fluid ounces).
The boisseau, or "bushel", was redefined as an eighth of a hectolitre; it also kept its double, half, and quarter subdivisions.
The livre, or "pound", was restandardized to 500 grams, but was now able to be divided into 16 onces, or "ounces"; each such French ounce had its old subdivision into 8 gros; each gros being thought of as being composed of 72 grains, of which the name is the same as in English. Hence, the livre was of 9216 of these grains.
The system of formally permitting the usual measures lasted until 1839, even though this was under a constitutional monarchy, rather than either the Empire of Napoleon III or under the Third French Republic, which would each have had greater ideological interest in getting rid of feudal subdivisions and so present themselves as being progressive. Butchers in France continue to use the 'new' livre today, albeit as a secondary measure.
Similar methods were also used when other countries moved to the metric system. In Australia and New Zealand, cups, tablespoons and teaspoons have been metricised as 250 mL, 20 mL and 5 mL for use in cooking; in Germany, 500 g is sometimes referred to as a Pfund (pound), while in the People's Republic of China, the Li was redefined from approximately 576 metres to 500 m and the Jin was defined as 500 grams rather than about 605 g. This 500 g jin is still commonly used in open-air markets in mainland China.
[edit] References
- ^ Napoleon I: "Je ne suis pas davantage content de celle que vous me présentez pour les quatre départements du Rhin. Je la veux sur l’échelle de celle de Cassini, et je me moque des divisions décimales." (I am no longer pleased with what you give me for the four départements of the Rhine. I want it on the scale of Cassini, and I laugh at decimal divisions.) ('Reproaches on the subject of maps made at the Dépôt de la Guerre'. Military correspondence of Napoleon I, 6th volume, letter 1250 dated December 19th, 1809)[1]
- ^ Napoleon I: "Les savants concurent une autre idée tout-à-fait étrangère au bienfait de l'unité de poids et de mesures; ils y adaptérent la numération décimale, en prenant le métre pour unité; ils supprimèrent tous les nombres complexes. Rien n'est plus contraire à l'organisation de l'esprit, de la mémoire et de l'imagination. Le nouveau système de poids et mesures sera un sujet d'embarras et de difficultés pour plusieurs générations." ('Of the introduction of the metric system'. "Memoirs written at St. Helena". Paris, 1823-25; volume IV, chapter XVI, 4)
