Matot

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Matot, Mattot, Mattoth, or Matos (מטות — Hebrew for “tribes,” the fifth word, and the first distinctive word, in the parshah) is the 42nd weekly Torah portion (parshah) in the annual Jewish cycle of Torah reading and the ninth in the book of Numbers. It constitutes Numbers 30:2–32:42. Jews in the Diaspora generally read it in July.

The lunisolar Hebrew calendar contains up to 54 weeks, the exact number varying between leap years and regular years. In years with 54 weeks (for example, 2008), parshah Matot is read separately. In years with fewer than 54 weeks (for example, 2007 and 2009), parshah Matot is combined with the next parshah, Masei, to help achieve the number of weekly readings needed.

the hills of Gilead (current day Jal'ad, Jordan)
the hills of Gilead (current day Jal'ad, Jordan)

Contents

[edit] Summary

[edit] Vows

Moses told the heads of the Israelite tribes God’s commands about vows. (Num. 30:2.) If a man made a vow to God, he was to carry out all that he promised. (Num. 30:3.) If a girl living in her father’s household made a vow to God or assumed an obligation, and her father learned of it and did not object, her vow would stand. (Num. 30:4–5.) But if her father objected on the day that he learned of it, her vow would not stand, and God would forgive her. (Num. 30:6.) If she married while her vow was still in force, and her husband learned of it and did not object on the day that he found out, her vow would stand. (Num. 30:7–8.) But if her husband objected on the day that he learned of it, her vow would not stand, and God would forgive her. (Num. 30:9.) The vow of a widow or divorced woman was binding. (Num. 30:10.) If a married woman made a vow and her husband learned of it and did not object, then her vow would stand. (Num. 30:11–12.) But if her husband objected on the day that he learned of it, her vow would not stand, and God would forgive her. (Num. 30:13.) If her husband annulled one of her vows after the day that he learned of it, he would bear her guilt. (Num. 30:16.)

[edit] Vengeance on Midian

God directed Moses to attack the Midianites, after which he would die. (Num. 31:1–2.) At Moses’ direction, a thousand men from each tribe, with Phinehas son of Eleazar serving as priest on the campaign with the sacred utensils and trumpets, attacked Midian and slew every man, including five kings of Midian and the prophet Balaam. (Num. 31:3–8.) The Israelites burned the Midianite towns, took the Midianite women and children captive, seized all their beasts and wealth as booty, and brought the captives and spoil to Moses, Eleazar, and the Israelite community at the steppes of Moab. (Num. 31:9–12.) Moses became angry with the army’s commanders for sparing the women, as they were the ones who, at Balaam’s bidding, had induced the Israelites to trespass against God in the sin of Peor. (Num. 31:14–16.) Moses then told the Israelites to kill every boy and every woman who had had sexual relations, but to spare the virgin girls. (Num. 31:17–18.)

[edit] Cleansing from battle

Moses directed the troops to stay outside the camp for 7 days after that, directed everyone of them who had touched a corpse to cleanse himself on the third and seventh days, and directed them to cleanse everything made of cloth, hide, or wood. (Num. 31:19–20.) Eleazar told the troops to take any article that could withstand fire — gold, silver, copper, iron, tin, and lead — and pass them through fire to clean them, and to cleanse everything with water of lustration. (Num. 31:21–23.) Eleazar directed that on the seventh day they should wash their clothes and be clean, and thereafter be free to enter the camp. (Num. 31:24.)

[edit] Dividing the booty

In this satellite image, the Jordan River appears near the center as a vertical line connecting the Sea of Galilee on the north with the Dead Sea on the south.
In this satellite image, the Jordan River appears near the center as a vertical line connecting the Sea of Galilee on the north with the Dead Sea on the south.

God told Moses to work with Eleazar and the family heads to inventory and divide the booty equally between the combatants and the rest of the community. (Num. 31:25–27.) God told them to exact a levy for God of one item in 500 of the warriors’ captive persons and animals to be given to Eleazar, and one in every 50 of the other Israelites’ captive persons and animals to be given to the Levites. (Num. 31:28–30.) The total booty came to 675,000 sheep, 72,000 head of cattle, 61,000 asses, and 32,000 virgin women, which Moses and Eleazar divided as God had commanded. (Num. 31:31–47.)

The commanders of the troops told Moses that they had checked the warriors, and not one was missing, so they brought as an offering to God the gold that they came upon — armlets, bracelets, signet rings, earrings, and pendants — to make expiation for their persons before God. (Num. 31:48–50.) Moses and Eleazar accepted from them 16,750 shekels of gold, but the warriors in the ranks kept their booty for themselves. (Num. 31:51–54.)

[edit] Land for the Reubenites and Gadites

The Reubenites and the Gadites, who owned much cattle, noted that the lands of Jazer and Gilead on the east side of the Jordan River suited cattle, and they approached Moses, Eleazar, and the chieftains and asked that those lands be given to them as a holding. (Num. 32:1–5.) Moses asked them if the rest of the Israelites were to go to war while they stayed on the east bank, and would that not undermine the enthusiasm of the rest of the Israelites for crossing into the Promised Land. (Num. 32:6–7.) Moses likened their position to that of the scouts who surveyed the land and then turned the minds of the Israelites against invading, thus incensing God and causing God to swear that none of the adult Israelites (except Caleb and Joshua) would see the land. (Num. 32:8–12.) They replied that they would build their sheepfolds and towns east of the Jordan and leave their children there, but then serve as shock-troops in the van of the Israelites until the land was conquered and not seek a share of the land west of the Jordan. (Num. 32:16–19.) Moses then said that if they would do this, and every shock-fighter among them crossed the Jordan, then they would be clear before God and Israel, and this land would be their holding. (Num. 32:20–22.) But Moses continued, if they did not do as they promised, they would have sinned against God. (Num. 32:20–22.) Moses instructed Eleazar, Joshua, and the family heads of the Israelite tribes to carry out the agreement. (Num. 32:28–30.) So Moses assigned the Gadites, the Reubenites, and half the tribe of Manasseh lands on the east side of the Jordan. (Num. 32:33.)

[edit] In classical rabbinic interpretation

[edit] Numbers chapter 30

Tractates Nedarim and Shevuot in the Mishnah, Tosefta, Jerusalem Talmud, and Babylonian Talmud interpreted the laws of vows in Exodus 20:7, Leviticus 5:1–10 and 19:12, Numbers 30:2–17, and Deuteronomy 23:24. (Mishnah Nedarim 1:1–11:11; Tosefta Nedarim 1:1–7:8; Jerusalem Talmud Nedarim 1a–; Babylonian Talmud Nedarim 2a–91b; Mishnah Shevuot 1:1–8:6; Tosefta Shevuot 1:1–6:7; Jerusalem Talmud Shevuot 1a–; Babylonian Talmud Shevuot 2a–49b.)

The Gemara discouraged vows. Rabbi Nathan taught that one who vows is as if he built a high place, and he who fulfils a vow is as if he sacrificed on that high place. And the Gemara deduced from Rabbi Nathan's teaching that is meritorious to seek absolution from vows. (Babylonian Talmud Nedarim 22a, 59a.)

[edit] Numbers chapter 32

The Sages taught in a Baraita that they honored the memory of the family that baked the Temple showbread, for they never allowed fine bread to be found in their children's hands. And the Sages honored the memory of the family that made the Temple incense, for they never allowed a bride of their house to go about perfumed. In both cases, the families did so to fulfill the command of Numbers 32:22 that “you shall be clear before the Lord and before Israel” — meaning that people should act so as to avoid even the appearance of transgression. (Babylonian Talmud Yoma 38a.)

[edit] Commandments

Moses Maimonides
Moses Maimonides

[edit] According to Maimonides

Maimonides cited a verse in the parshah for one negative commandment:

  • Not to transgress in matters that one has forbidden oneself (Num. 30:3.)

(Maimonides. Mishneh Torah, Negative Commandment 157. Cairo, Egypt, 1170–1180. Reprinted in Maimonides. The Commandments: Sefer Ha-Mitzvoth of Maimonides. Translated by Charles B. Chavel, 2:148–49. London: Soncino Press, 1967. ISBN 0-900689-71-4.)

[edit] According to Sefer ha-Chinuch

According to Sefer ha-Chinuch, there is 1 positive and 1 negative commandment in the parshah.

  • The precept of the law of nullifying vows (Num. 30:3.)
  • That we should not break our word in vows that we make (Num. 30:3.)

(Sefer HaHinnuch: The Book of [Mitzvah] Education. Translated by Charles Wengrov, 4:203–15. Jerusalem: Feldheim Pub., 1988. ISBN 0-87306-457-7.)

[edit] Haftarah

The haftarah for the parshah is Jeremiah 1:1–2:3.

When parshah Matot is combined with parshah Masei, the haftarah is the haftarah for parshah Masei:

[edit] Further reading

The parshah has parallels or is discussed in these sources:

[edit] Biblical

Josephus
Josephus

[edit] Early nonrabbinic

[edit] Classical rabbinic

  • Mishnah: Nedarim 1:1–11:11; Kiddushin 3:4. Land of Israel, circa 200 C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., The Mishnah: A New Translation. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 406–30, 492. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1988. ISBN 0-300-05022-4.
  • Tosefta: Peah 4:15; Terumot 5:8; Nedarim 1:1–7:8; Sotah 7:17; Keritot 4:15. Land of Israel, circa 300 C.E. Reprinted in, e.g., The Tosefta: Translated from the Hebrew, with a New Introduction. Translated by Jacob Neusner, 1:73, 161, 785–805, 864; 2:1571. Peabody, Mass.: Hendrickson Pub., 2002. ISBN 1-56563-642-2.
Talmud
Talmud
  • Babylonian Talmud: Berakhot 8b, 24a, 32a; Shabbat 16b, 58b, 60a, 63b–64a, 157a; Eruvin 63a; Pesachim 13a, 66b; Yoma 38a, 63b; Moed Katan 9a, 16a; Chagigah 10a; Yevamot 29b, 53a, 87a–b, 93a, 108a; Ketubot 40b, 46b–47a, 49a, 52a, 57b, 59a–b, 60b–61a, 70a, 71a–b, 74a, 101a, 102b; Nedarim 2a–91b; Nazir 4b, 12b, 20b, 21b, 23a, 37b, 38b, 61a, 62b; Sotah 3a, 13b, 43a; Gittin 35b, 75a, 85a; Kiddushin 3b, 61a, 78a, 81b; Bava Kamma 25b, 61a; Bava Metzia 94a, 96a; Bava Batra 2b, 120b; Sanhedrin 39a, 90a, 106a; Makkot 11a, 16a; Shevuot 20a–21a, 26a; Avodah Zarah 67b, 75b; Zevachim 97a, 113b; Menachot 77b; Chullin 25b; Arakhin 20b; Temurah 6b, 13a; Keritot 6b; Niddah 46a–b. Babylonia, 6th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Talmud Bavli. Edited by Yisroel Simcha Schorr, Chaim Malinowitz, and Mordechai Marcus, 72 vols. Brooklyn: Mesorah Pubs., 2006.

[edit] Medieval

  • Rashi. Commentary. Numbers 30–32. Troyes, France, late 11th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Rashi. The Torah: With Rashi’s Commentary Translated, Annotated, and Elucidated. Translated and annotated by Yisrael Isser Zvi Herczeg, 4:369–401. Brooklyn: Mesorah Publications, 1997. ISBN 0-89906-029-3.
  • Numbers Rabbah 22:1–9. 12th Century. Reprinted in, e.g., Midrash Rabbah: Numbers. Translated by Judah J. Slotki. London: Soncino Press, 1939. ISBN 0-900689-38-2.
  • Zohar 3:241b. Spain, late 13th Century. Reprinted in, e.g, The Zohar. Translated by Harry Sperling and Maurice Simon. 5 vols. London: Soncino Press, 1934.

[edit] Modern

  • Jacob Milgrom. The JPS Torah Commentary: Numbers: The Traditional Hebrew Text with the New JPS Translation, 250–77, 488–96. Philadelphia: Jewish Publication Society, 1990. ISBN 0-8276-0329-0.
  • Baruch A. Levine. Numbers 21–36, 4A:423–507. New York: Anchor Bible, 2000. ISBN 0-385-41256-8.

[edit] External links

[edit] Texts

[edit] Commentaries


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