Malcolm I of Scotland
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| Malcolm I (Máel Coluim mac Domnaill) |
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| King of Scots | |
 |
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| Reign | 943–954 |
|---|---|
| Died | 954 |
| Place of death | Fetteresso or Dunnottar |
| Buried | Iona |
| Predecessor | Constantine II (Causantín mac Áeda) |
| Successor | Indulf (Ildulb mac Causantín) |
| Issue | Dub; Kenneth II (Cináed mac Maíl Choluim) |
| Royal House | Alpin |
| Father | Donald II (Domnall mac Causantín) |
Máel Coluim mac Domnaill (Modern Gaelic: Maol Chaluim mac Dhòmhnaill),[1] anglicised as Malcolm I, and nicknamed An Bodhbhdercc, "the Dangerous Red"[2] (before 900 – 954) was king of Scots, becoming king when his cousin Constantine II (Causantín mac Áeda) abdicated to become a monk. He was the son of Donald II (Domnall mac Causantín).
In 945 Edmund the Elder, King of England, having expelled Olaf Sihtricsson (Amlaíb Cuaran) from Northumbria, devastated Cumbria and blinded two sons of Domnall III (Domnall mac Eógain), king of Strathclyde. It is said that he then "let" or "commended" Strathclyde to Malcolm in return for an alliance.[3] What is to be understood by "let" or "commended" is unclear, but it may well mean that Malcolm had been the overlord of Strathclyde and that Edmund recognised this while taking lands in southern Cumbria for himself.[4]
The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba says that Malcolm took an army into Moray "and slew Cellach". Cellach is not named in the surviving genealogies of the rulers of Moray, and his identity is unknown.[5]
Malcolm appears to have kept his agreement with the late English king, which may have been renewed with the new king, Edmund having been murdered in 946 and succeeded by his brother Edred. Eric Bloodaxe took York in 948, before being driven out by Edred, and when Olaf Sihtricsson again took York in 949–950, Malcolm raided Northumbria as far south as the Tees taking "a multitude of people and many herds of cattle" according to the Chronicle.[6] The Annals of Ulster for 952 report a battle between "the men of Alba and the Britons [of Strathclyde] and the English" against the foreigners, i.e. the Northmen or the Norse-Gaels. This battle is not reported by the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, and it is unclear whether it should be related to the expulsion of Olaf Sihtricsson from York or the return of Eric Bloodaxe.[7]
The Annals of Ulster report that Malcolm was killed in 954. Other sources place this most probably in the Mearns, either at Fetteresso following the Chronicle, or at Dunnottar following the Prophecy of Berchán. He was buried on Iona.[8] Malcolm's sons Dub and Kenneth were later kings.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Máel Coluim mac Domnaill is the Mediaeval Gaelic form.
- ^ Skene, Chronicles, p. 93.
- ^ Early Sources, pp. 449–450.
- ^ ASC Ms. A, s.a. 946; Duncan, pp. 23–24; but see also Smyth, pp. 222–223 for an alternative reading.
- ^ It may be that Cellach was related to Cuncar, Mormaer of Angus, and that this event is connected with the apparent feud that led to the death of Malcolm's son Kenneth II (Cináed) in 977.
- ^ Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Ms. D, s.a. 948, Ms. B, s.a. 946; Duncan, p. 24.
- ^ Early Sources, p. 451. The corresponding entry in the Annals of the Four Masters, s.a. 950, states that the Northmen were the victors, which would suggest that it should be associated with Eric.
- ^ Early Sources, pp. 452–454. Some versions of the Chronicle, and the Chronicle of Melrose, are read as placing Malcolm's death at Blervie, near Forres.
[edit] References
For primary sources see also External links below.
- Anderson, Alan Orr, Early Sources of Scottish History A.D 500–1286, volume 1. Reprinted with corrections. Paul Watkins, Stamford, 1990. ISBN 1-871615-03-8
- Duncan, A.A.M., The Kingship of the Scots 842–1292: Succession and Independence. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2002. ISBN 0-7486-1626-8
- Smyth, Alfred P. Warlords and Holy Men: Scotland AD 80-1000. Reprinted, Edinburgh: Edinburgh UP, 1998. ISBN 0-7486-0100-7
[edit] External links
- CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts at University College Cork includes the Annals of Ulster, Tigernach, the Four Masters and Innisfallen, the Chronicon Scotorum, the Lebor Bretnach (which includes the Duan Albanach), Genealogies, and various Saints' Lives. Most are translated into English, or translations are in progress.
- (CKA) The Chronicle of the Kings of Alba
- The Anglo-Saxon Chronicle XML Edition by Tony Jebson and translated at the OMACL
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Malcolm I of Scotland
Born: before 900 Died: 954 |
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| Regnal titles | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by Constantine (Causantín) II |
King of Scots 943–954 |
Succeeded by Indulf (Ildulb) |
