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This is a list of Proto-Semitic stems (triconsonantal roots and extensions) with their reflexes in several Semitic languages (i.e. actually-pronounced forms with vowels, as opposed to Semitic pure consonantal roots). Only stems attested in Akkadian, or with cognates in other Afro-Asiatic groups, can be confidently included in Proto-Semitic; others must be placed in West Semitic. There is some controversy in Semitic linguistics over the sibilants' pronunciation (see Proto-Semitic, Shin (letter)).
[edit] Proto-Semitic Stems
| English |
PS |
Akkadian |
Arabic |
Hebrew |
Syriac |
Ge'ez |
Mehri |
Phoenician |
| earth |
*ʼarṣ́- |
erṣet- |
ʼarḍ- |
ʼéreṣ |
ʼarʻ-ā |
? |
? |
ʼars |
| father |
*ʼab- |
ab- |
ʼab- |
ʼāḇ |
ʼab-ā |
ʼab |
ḥa-yb |
ab- |
| god |
*ʼil-(āh)- |
il- |
ʼilāh- |
ʼēl-(ôh)- |
ʼalāh-ā |
- |
- |
el-, il-(uh)- |
| grape/wine[1][2] |
*wayn- |
- |
wayn- |
yáyin ('wine') |
- |
wayn- |
- |
yaynu, yayn |
| house |
bayt- |
bītu, bētu |
bayt- |
báyiṯ, bêṯ |
bayt-ā |
bet |
beyt, bêt |
bet, bit |
| husband |
baʻl- |
bēlu |
baʻl- |
báʻal |
b·ʻ·l |
baʻāl |
bâl |
baʻal (> "master") |
| king |
mal(i)k- |
mal(i)ku |
malik- |
méleḵ |
- |
- |
- |
mal(i)k |
| milk |
ḥalīb- |
ḫilpu |
ḥalīb-, ḥalab- |
ḥālāḇ |
ḥalb-ā |
ḥalīb |
- |
haleeb |
| name |
*šm- |
šum- |
ism- |
šēm |
šm-ā |
sim |
ham |
šēm |
| peace |
*šalām- |
šalām- |
salām- |
šālôm |
šlām-ā |
salām |
səlōm |
salem, šalem |
| sun |
*śamš- |
šamšu |
šams- |
šémeš |
šemš-ā |
- |
- |
šams-, šamš- |
| tree |
*ʻiṣ- |
iṣu, iṣṣu |
ʻiḍ-at- |
ʻēṣ |
- |
ʻiṣ |
- |
ʻiṣ |
| water |
*may-/*māy- |
mū |
māʼ- |
máyim |
mayy-ā |
māy |
ḥə-mō |
maym |
[edit] Body parts
| English |
PS |
Akkadian |
Arabic |
Hebrew |
Syriac |
Geez |
Mehri |
Phoenician |
| blood |
*dam- |
- |
dam- |
dām |
dm-ā |
dam |
- |
damm |
| eye |
*ʻayn- |
īn- |
ʻayn- |
ʻáyin |
ʻayn-ā |
ʻayn |
ʼāyn |
ʻayn |
| hand |
*yad- |
id- |
yad- |
yāḏ |
ʼīdā |
ʼid |
ḥayd |
yad |
| heart |
*lib(a)b- |
libb- |
lubb- |
lēḇ(āḇ) |
lebb-ā |
libb |
ḥa-wbēb |
lib |
| tongue |
*lišān-/*lašān- |
lišān- |
lisān- |
lāšôn |
leššān-ā |
lissān |
əwšēn |
lshen, lashun |
| tooth |
*šinn- |
šinn- |
sinn- |
šēn |
šenn-ā |
śinn* |
- |
šin- |
[edit] Animal names
| English |
PS |
Akkadian |
Arabic |
Hebrew |
Syriac |
Geez |
Mehri |
Phoenician |
| bull |
*ṯawr- |
šūru |
ṯawr- |
šôr (> 'ox') |
- |
sōr |
- |
šūr, tor |
| camel |
*gam(a)l- |
gammal- (gaml-) |
ǧamal- |
gāmāl |
gaml-ā |
gamal |
gəmmōl |
gamml |
| dog |
*kalb- |
kalb- |
kalb- |
kéleḇ |
kalb-ā |
kalb |
? |
kalb |
| ewe |
*raḫil- |
laḫru |
riḫl(at)- |
rāḫēl |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- Note: "ś" is used to transliterate Ge'ez śin, which could represent either "ś" or "s," depending on the word and time period.
[edit] Proto-West-Semitic Stems
This is a list of cognates for which no Akkadian cognate is known or attested.
| English |
PWS |
Arabic |
Hebrew |
Syriac |
Geez |
Mehri |
Phoenician |
| wasp |
*dVb(V)r- |
dabr-, dibr- |
dəḇôrāh (> "bee") |
debbōr-ā, debbor-t-ā |
- |
- |
- |
| holy |
*ḳudš- |
quds |
qōḏeš |
qudš-ā |
qiddūs |
- |
quddosh |
| son |
*bn- |
ibn |
bēn |
br-ā |
- |
bər, ḥə-brē |
bin |
| white |
*laban- |
laban (> "buttermilk", "yogurt", dialectically "milk") |
lāḇān |
- |
- |
lbōn |
laban |
[edit] References
[edit] External links
