List of Bosnian genocide prosecutions

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This is a list of prosecutions bought against Serbia and individuals for the crime of genocide in Bosnia. To date after several plea bargains and some convictions that were successfully challenged on appeal only Radislav Krstic had been found guilty of complicity in genocide in an international court. Three others have been found guilty of participating in genocides in Bosnia by German courts, one of whom Nikola Jorgic lost an appeal against his conviction in the European Court of Human Rights.

Contents

[edit] Bosnian Genocide Case

Main article: Bosnian Genocide Case

The Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro), case 91, International Court of Justice (ICJ) Judgement returned on February 26, 2007.

The case before the International Court of Justice (ICJ), the United Nations's highest judicial body, which exclusively hears disputes between states, related to Serbia's alleged attempts to wipe out the Bosnian Muslim population of Bosnia. It was filed by Dr. Francis Boyle, an adviser to Alija Izetbegovic during the Bosnian War. The case was heard in the ICJ court in The Hague, Netherlands, and ended on May 9, 2006.

The ICJ presented its judgement on 26 February 2007. It cleared Serbia of direct involvement in genocide during the Bosnian war,[1] but ruled that Belgrade did breach international law by failing to prevent the 1995 Srebrenica genocide, and for failing to try or transfer the persons accused of genocide to the ICTY, in order to comply with its obligations under Articles I and VI of the Genocide Convention, in particular in respect of General Ratko Mladic.[2][3]

[edit] Individual indictment and convictions for the crime of genocide

[edit] International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia

As of 9 May 2007 the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) had passed legally binding verdicts against six people indicted for genocide and crimes committed in Srebrenica since 1993. Trials against seven indictees are ongoing, and three are still to start.[4]

[edit] Individuals convicted of genocide

  • Radislav Krstic (Srebrenica) In 1998 Krstic was indicted for War Crimes by the ICTY in The Hague in connection with the massacre of 8,100 Bosniak men and boys on July 11, 1995 during the Srebrenica massacre—Europe's worst atrocity since World War II. On August 2, 2001, Krstic became the first person convicted of genocide by the Tribunal, and was sentenced to 46 years in prison. He was only the third person ever to have been convicted under the 1948 Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide.[5] On appeal his conviction for genocide was overturned however the appeal court upheld the lesser charge that he was an aider and abetter to genocide.[6]
Genocide conviction overturned on appeal
  • Vidoje Blagojevic (Srebrenica) is a former commander of the Bratunac Brigade of the Republika Srpska Army. He was captured on August 10, 2001 and soon interred at the ICTY at the Hague. Blagojevic was tried along with Dragan Jokic. Both pleaded not guilty. In January 2005 Blagojevi while he was acquitted of the charge of extermination as a crime against humanity, he was found guilty of the five other charges, including complicity to commit genocide and war crimes. He was sentenced to 18 years in prison.[7] On May 9 2007 the ICTY's appeals court reversed the genocide conviction and reduced his sentence to 15 years which he is currently serving in prison[8][4]

[edit] Plea bargains

Individuals indicted by ICTY for genocide in which such charges were withdrawn, with the accused pleading guilty to crimes against humanity:

  • Momir Nikolic was indicted by the Prosecutor of the ICTY March 26, 2002 charged with genocide or alternately complicity in genocide and persecutions, and Violations of the Laws or Customs of War. He was arrested by SFOR on April 1, 2002 and transferred to ICTY custody the following day. Nikolic made his initial appearance on April 3, 2002, pleading not guilty on all counts. A plea agreement was reached on May 7, 2003, and Nikolic pleaded guilty to Count 5 of the indictment - Crimes against humanity.[9]
  • Dragan Obrenovic[10] was indicted by the International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia in The Hague on On November 1, 1998 for complicity in genocide, extermination, persecution, and two counts of murder.[11] On April 15, 2001 he was arrested by SFOR personnel,[12] and was transferred that same day to the Hague, he entered not-guilty pleas across the board at his arraignment on the 18th.[13] On May 20, 2003, Obrenovic entered a plea agreement with the ICTY prosecutor's office. He pleaded guilty to one count of persecution, and in exchange for truthful allocution to his role in the Srebrenica Massacre and his testimony against his co-accused (his indictment was to be joined with that of four others on May 27) he was promised a reduced sentence. On December 10, 2003 Obrenovic was sentenced to 17 years in prison, with 969 days credit for time served.[14] He is currently serving out his sentence in Norway and will be eligible for release in April of 2018.
  • Biljana Plavsic The ICTY indictment charged her with, two counts of genocide, five counts of crimes against humanity, and one count of war crimes. She voluntarily surrendered to the ICTY on January 10, 2001, and was provisionally released on September 6. On 16 December 2002 she plea bargained with the ICTY to enter a guilty plea to one count of crimes against humanity for her part in directing the war and targeting civilians and expressed "full remorse" in exchange for prosecutors dropping the other charges. She was later sentenced to 11 years in prison, and started here sentence on 26 June 2003.[15] She is currently serving her sentence at the women's prison Hinseberg in Orebro, Sweden.

[edit] Currently on trial

At the ICTY, the trial of several senior Serb military and police officers facing charges ranging from genocide to murder and deportation for the crimes committed in Srebrenica began 14 July, 2006. Their names are:

  • Vujadin Popovic,[16] he is charged "with Genocide or Complicity in Genocide; Murder, Persecutions, Forcible Transfer and Inhumane Acts as Crimes Against Humanity; and Murder as a Violations of the Laws or Customs of War ... During the VRS attack on the Srebrenica enclave and the subsequent killings and executions of Bosnian Muslim men, Vujadin Popovic was a Lieutenant Colonel and was the Assistant Commander of Security on the staff of the Drina Corps. He was present and on duty in the Drina Corps zone of responsibility, which included Srebrenica, Potocari, Bratunac and Zvornik, from 11 July to 31 August 1995."[17]
  • Ljubisa Beara,[16] is charged with one count of genocide or alternatively, complicity to commit genocide, four counts of crimes against humanity and One count of violations of the laws or customs of war.[18]. As Chief of Security of the Main Staff of the Bosnian Serb Army he "had responsibility for dealing with captured Bosnian Muslim prisoners from Srebrenica from 11 July 1995 until 1 November 1995."[18] He was transferred to the ICTY on 10 October 2004 and made an initial appearance on 12 October 2004, when did not enter a plea. On further appearances on 9 November 2004 and 11 November 2004, he pleaded not guilty to the counts of the Indictment.[18]
  • Ljubomir Borovcanin,[16] is charged with one count of complicity in genocide, four counts of crimes against humanity and one count of violations of the laws or customs of war,[19] because the Prosecutor of the ICTY "alleges that Ljubomir Borovcanin was present in and around the areas of Bratunac, Potocari, Sandici, Kravica, Srebrenica and Zvornik from 11 July to 18 July 1995. Units under his command were deployed in and around the areas of Potocari, Sandici, Kravica and Zvornik from 12 July to 18 July 1995. In the several days following the attack on Srebrenica, the Bosnian Serb Army ("VRS") and Ministry of the Interior ("MUP") forces captured, detained, summarily executed, and buried over 7,000 Bosnian Muslim men and boys from the Srebrenica enclave, and forcibly transferred the Bosnian Muslim women and children of Srebrenica out of the enclave. The Indictment against Ljubomir Borovcanin refers to his alleged involvement in: opportunist killings in Potocari, opportunistic killings in Bratunac, wide-scale and organised killings in Potocari and Tisca, killings and mistreatment of prisoners captured along the Bratunac/Milici road and wide-scale and organised killings in the Zvornik area, as well as other opportunistic killings. Ljubomir Borovcanin, together with other VRS and MUP officers and units as identified in this Indictment, was a member of and knowingly participated in a Joint Criminal Enterprise, the common purpose of which was, among other things: to focibly transfer the women and children from the Srebrenica enclave to Kladanj on 12 July and 13 July 1995; and to capture, detain, summarily execute by firing squad, bury, and rebury thousands of Bosnian Muslim men and boys aged 16 to 60 from the Srebrenica enclave from 12 July 1995 until and about 19 July 1995."[19] He was transferred to the ICTY in the Hague on 1 April 2005.[19]
  • Vinko Pandurevic,[16]
  • Radivoje Miletic,[16]
  • Milan Gvero.[16]

On 31 May 2007, Zdravko Tolimir (aka: 'Chemical Tolimir'), long time fugitive and a former officer in the Army of Republika Srpska who had been indicted by the Prosecutor of the ICTY on genocide charges in the 1992–95 Bosnia war was arrested by Serbian and Bosnian police.[20] Tolimir is infamous for issuing request to use chemical weapons during genocide to gas civilians so Bosnian troops could surrender.[21] Tolimir is thought to be one of the main organisers of the network helping top war crimes indictee Ratko Mladic elude justice.

[edit] Other outcomes and pending cases

Died while on trial
Found guilty of other crimes
  • Momcilo Krajisnik was indicted by the ICTY and accused of genocide, complicity in genocide, crimes against humanity (namely extermination, murder, persecution, deportation, and forced transfer), and various war crimes, in relation to acts committed in 1992 in Bosnia and Herzegovina.[23] He was arrested on April 3, 2000 by SFOR, and is in custody at the detention unit of the ICTY in the Netherlands. After the death of Slobodan Milosevic, Krajisnik was the highest-ranking politician on trial at the ICTY. On 27 September 2006, Krajisnik was convicted of the following crimes against humanity: extermination, murder, persecution, deportation, and forced transfer. He was acquitted of the charges of murder as a war crime, genocide, and complicity in genocide. He was sentenced to 27 years imprisonment.[24][25]
  • Milomir Stakic (Prijedor). In ICTY indictment began on 16 April 2002 Stakic was charged with genocide, or alternatively complicity in genocide, murder as a crime against humanity, extermination , murder as a violation of the laws or customs of war, persecutions, deportation, and inhumane acts.[26] On 31 July 2003 he was found not guilty of genocide, complicity in genocide,[27][28] or forcible transfer (a crime against humanity). He was found guilty of: extermination, (a crime against humanity); murder, (a violation of the laws and customs of war); and persecutions (crimes against humanity, incorporating murder, and deportation both of which were also crimes against humanity). He was sentenced to life imprisonment with a minimum term of 20 years.[29]
Still at large
  • Ratko Mladic On July 24, 1995 (amended on 10 October 2002), was indicted by the Prosecutor ICTY and accused of genocide and complicity in genocide in several municipalities within Bosnia and Herzegovina, includingin Ključ, Kotor Varoš, Prijedor, Sanski Most, Srebrenica, Banja Luka, Bosanska Krupa, Bratunac, Vlasenica and Zvornik.[31]. He remains at large.

[edit] State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina

Indicted to stand trial before before the State Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina (War Crimes Chamber)
  • Milorad Trbic – "[Is]charged with Genocide pursuant to Article 171 of the Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CC BiH). ... The trial commenced on 8 November 2007, and the Prosecutor is currently presenting his evidence."[32]
Mitrović and others case ("Kravice")
  • Milos Stupar (commander of the 2nd Special Police Šekovići Squad) – on trial.[33]
  • Milenko Trifunovic (commander of the 3rd "Skelani" Platoon, part of the 2nd Special Police Šekovići Squad) – on trial[33]
  • Brano Džinic (a special police force officer of the 2nd Special Police Šekovići Squad) – on trial.[33]
  • Milovan Matic (a member of RSA) – on trial.[33]
  • Slobodan Jakovljevic (special police force members of the 3rd "Skelani" Platoon) – on trial.[33]
  • Velibor Maksimovic (special police force members of the 3rd "Skelani" Platoon) – on trial.[33]
  • Branislav Medan (special police force members of the 3rd "Skelani" Platoon) – on trial.[33]
  • Petar Mitrovic (special police force members of the 3rd "Skelani" Platoon) – on trial.[33]
  • Aleksandar Radovanovic (special police force members of the 3rd "Skelani" Platoon) – on trial.[33]
  • Miladin Stevanovic (special police force members of the 3rd "Skelani" Platoon) – on trial.[33]
  • Dragisa Zivanovic (special police force members of the 3rd "Skelani" Platoon) – on trial.[33]

[edit] German prosecutions

During the late 1990s the German courts handed down custodial sentences to several individuals who were found guilty by the German courts of participating in genocides in Bosnia. Two of theses cases were cited in the judgement handed down by the ICTY against Radislav Krstic in the Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic case, when considering whether the Srebrenica massacre met the United Nations Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide requirement of "in part".[34]

[edit] Novislav Djajic

Novislav Djajic was indicted in Germany for participation in genocide, but the Higher Regional Court failed to find that there was sufficient certainty, for a criminal conviction, that he had intended to commit genocide. Nevertheless Djajic was found guilty of 14 cases of murder and one case of attempted murder.[35] At Djajic's appeal on 23 May 1997, the Bavarian Appeals Chamber found that acts of genocide were committed in June 1992, confined within the administrative district of Foca.[36]

[edit] Nikola Jorgic

The Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) of Dusseldorf, in September 1997, handed down a genocide conviction against Nikola Jorgic, a Bosnian Serb from the Doboj region who was the leader of a paramilitary group located in the Doboj region. He was sentenced to four terms of life imprisonment for his involvement in genocidal actions that took place in regions of Bosnia and Herzegovina, other than Srebrenica;[37] On 12 July 2007, European Court of Human Rights dismissed Nikola Jorgic appeal.[38][39]

In 2007 the European Court of Human Rights (ECHR) in the Jorgic v. Germany case (Application no. 74613/01), reviewed the German courts judgements against Jorgic. While rejecting Jorgic's appeal, they highlighted that the German courts ruling in the 1990 had interpreted the German domestic law on genocide more broadly than the more recent rulings by the ICTY and the ICJ.

The ECHR concluded that the German court had ruled that the "intent to destroy" also included "meant destruction of the group as a social unit in its distinctiveness and particularity and its feeling of belonging together; a biological-physical destruction was not necessary. It concluded that the applicant had therefore acted with intent to destroy the group of Muslims in the North of Bosnia, or at least in the Doboj region."[40] Under the wider definition that the German judiciary upheld the ethnic cleansing carried out by Jorgic was a genocide because it was an intent to destroy the group as a social unit. At the time Jorgic committed his acts in 1992 a majority of scholars took the view that genocidal 'intent to destroy a group' under German law mean the killing of members of the group, but a considerable number of scholars were of the opinion that the notion had a wider meaning encompasing destruction of the group as a social unit.[41]

The ECHR noted that this wider interpretation of genocide has since been rejected by international courts considering similar cases. In the case of Prosecutor v. Krstic (2 August 2001) the ICTY ruled "customary international law limits the definition of genocide to those acts seeking the physical or biological destruction of all or part of the group. Hence, an enterprise attacking only the cultural or sociological characteristics of a human group in order to annihilate these elements which give to that group its own identity distinct from the rest of the community would not fall under the definition of genocide."[42] On [19 April] 2004 This was upheld on Appeal "The Genocide Convention, and customary international law in general, prohibit only the physical or biological destruction of a human group. ... The Trial Chamber expressly acknowledged this limitation, and eschewed any broader definition. ..." although like the lower court, the appeal court also ruled that ethnic cleansing might with other evidence lead to an inference of genocidal intent.[43] In 14 January 2000 the ICTY ruled in the Prosecutor v. Kupreskic and Others case that the killing of 116 Muslims in order to expel the Muslim population from a village, was persecution, not of genocid[44] The ECHR noted and quoted the opinion of the International Court of Justice ruling in the Bosnian Genocide Case that ethnic cleansing was not in its self genocide.[45]

The ECHR also noted that in the 21 century "Amongst scholars, the majority have taken the view that ethnic cleansing, in the way in which it was carried out by the Serb forces in Bosnia and Herzegovina in order to expel Muslims and Croats from their homes, did not constitute genocide. However, there are also a considerable number of scholars who have suggested that these acts did amount to genocide"[46]

The ECHR having reviewed the case and the more recent international rulings on the issue the ECHR ruled that "The Court finds that the [German] courts' interpretation of 'intent to destroy a group' as not necessitating a physical destruction of the group, which has also been adopted by a number of scholars ..., is therefore covered by the wording, read in its context, of the crime of genocide in the [German] Criminal Code and does not appear unreasonable",[47] so " In view of the foregoing, the [ECHR] concludes that, while many authorities had favoured a narrow interpretation of the crime of genocide, there had already been several authorities at the material time which had construed the offence of genocide in the same wider way as the German courts. In these circumstances, the [ECHR] finds that [Jorgic], if need be with the assistance of a lawyer, could reasonably have foreseen that he risked being charged with and convicted of genocide for the acts he had committed in 1992.",[48] and for this reason the court rejected Jorgic assertion that there had been a breach of Article 7 (no punishment without law) of the European Convention on Human Rights by Germany.[49]

[edit] Maksim Sokolovic

"On 29 November 1999, the Higher Regional Court (Oberlandesgericht) of Dusseldorf condemned Maksim Sokolovic to 9 years in prison for aiding and abetting the crime of genocide and for grave breaches of the Geneva Conventions".[50]

[edit] References and notes

  1. ^ "Serbia cleared of genocide, failed to stop killing", Reuters, February 26, 2007. 
  2. ^ ICJ:Summary of the Judgment of 26 February 2007 - Bosnia v. Serbia
  3. ^ Court Declares Bosnia Killings Were Genocide The New York Times, February 26, 2007. A copy of the ICJ judgement can be found here
  4. ^ a b ICTY: Blagojevic Acquitted of Complicity in Genocide Balkan Investigative Reporting Network
  5. ^ Radislav Krstic becomes the first person to be convicted of genocide at the ICTY and is sentenced to 46 years imprisonment
  6. ^ Krstic (IT-98-33) Case Information Sheet, ICTY, 8 July 2005
  7. ^ Blagojevic and Jokic (IT-02-60) Case Information Sheet 5 August 2004
  8. ^ Appeals Chamber acquits Vidoje Blagojevic of aiding Srebrenica genocide, affirms other convictions against him and Dragan Jokic ICTY MH/MOW/1158e The Hague, 9 May 2007
  9. ^ Judgement in the Case the Prosecutor v. Momir Nikolic, ICTY CT/P.I.S/806e The Hague, 2 December 2003
  10. ^ ICTY: Plea agreement - The Prosecutor v. Dragan Obrenovic
  11. ^ http://www.un.org/icty/indictment/english/obr-ii010409e.htm "Initial Indictment of Dragan Obrenovic" ICTY Case IT-01-43
  12. ^ Bosnia genocide suspect held
  13. ^ Obrenovic Pleads Not Guilty
  14. ^ Trial of Dragan Obrenovic
  15. ^ The Prosecutor v. Biljana Plavšic: Trial Chamber Sentences the Accused to 11 years' Imprisonment And says that "No Sentence can fully Reflect the Horror of what Occurred or the Terrible Impact on Thousands of Victims" CC/ P.I.S./ 734e, ICTY The Hague, 27 February 2003
  16. ^ a b c d e f ICTY; "Press Release:Popovic Et Al. Srebrenica Trial to Begin 14 July 2006"; United Nations; [1]
  17. ^ ICTY Prosecutor's Indicment
  18. ^ a b c BEARA (IT-02-58) Case Information Sheet: The Indictment ("Srebrenica")
  19. ^ a b c BOROVCANIN (IT-02-64) Case Information Sheet: The Indictment
  20. ^ Bosnian Serb War Crimes Fugitive on His Way to the Hague—June 1, 2007. Voice of America.
  21. ^ Tolimir Requested Use of Chemical Weapons in Zepa—Aug 22, 2006. Sense Tribunal.
  22. ^ ICTY: The prosecutor of the tribunal against Slobodan Milosevic - Amanded Indictment
  23. ^ ICTY: The prosecutor of the tribunal against Momcilo Krajisnik - Amanded Indictment [2]
  24. ^ ICTY: Judgment - Momcilo Krajisnik
  25. ^ Bosnia Serb jailed for war crimes, BBC News, 27 September, 2006
  26. ^ http://www.un.org/icty/stakic/trialc/judgement/index.htm Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakic: Judgement] Paragraph 499
  27. ^ http://www.un.org/icty/stakic/trialc/judgement/index.htm Prosecutor v. Milomir Stakic: Judgement] Paragraphs 560,561
  28. ^ Staff. Bosnian Serb gets life sentence,BBC, 31 July, 2003.
  29. ^ ICTY Press Release WS / P.I.S. / 774e 31 July 2003
  30. ^ ICTY: The prosecutor of the tribunal against Radovan Karadžić - Amended Indictment [3]
  31. ^ ICTY: The prosecutor of the tribunal against Ratko Mladic - Amended Indictment
  32. ^ The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Trbic case: Charged with genocide pursuant to Article 171 of the Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina (CC BiH) in conjunction with the killing members of the group, causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group, deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part, imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group (X-KR-07/386 - Trbic Milorad)
  33. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k The Court of Bosnia and Herzegovina - Mitrovic and others (Kravice) - Accused of the criminal offence of genocide in violation of Article 171 of the Criminal Code of Bosnia and Herzegovina (X-KR-05/24 - Mitrovic and others (Kravice)).
  34. ^ Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Trial Chamber I - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001), The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, paragraph 589. citing Bavarian Appeals Court, Novislav Djajic case, 23 May 1997, 3 St 20/96, section VI, p. 24 of the English translation. Paragraph 589:
    Several other sources confirm that the intent to eradicate a group within a limited geographical area such as the region of a country or even a municipality may be characterised as genocide. ... Two Judgements recently rendered by German courts took the view that genocide could be perpetrated within a limited geographical area. The Federal Constitutional Court of Germany, in the Nikola Jorgic case, upheld the Judgement of the Düsseldorf Supreme Court, interpreting the intent to destroy the group "in part" as including the intention to destroy a group within a limited geographical area. In a Judgement against Novislav Djajic on 23 May 1997, the Bavarian Appeals Chamber similarly found that acts of genocide were committed in June 1992 though confined within the administrative district of Foca.
  35. ^ Novislav Djajic, TRIAL (Track Impunity Always)
  36. ^ Prosecutor v. Radislav Krstic - Trial Chamber I - Judgment - IT-98-33 (2001) ICTY8 (2 August 2001), The International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia, paragraph 589. citing Bavarian Appeals Court, Novislav Djajic case, 23 May 1997, 3 St 20/96, section VI, p. 24 of the English translation.
  37. ^ Oberlandesgericht Dusseldorf, "Public Prosecutor v Jorgic", 26 September 1997 (Trial Watch Nikola Jorgic
  38. ^ European Court of Human Rights - Jorgic v. Germany Judgment, 12 July 2007
  39. ^ Europe's human rights court upholds life term for Bosnian Serb convicted of genocide - AP, July 12th, 2007.
  40. ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany. § 18
  41. ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany § 36 butt also §§ 18,47,99,103,108
  42. ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany. § 42 citing Prosecutor v. Krstic, IT-98-33-T, judgment of 2 August 2001, §§ 580
  43. ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany. § 43 citing the judgment of 19 April 2004 rendered by the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY, IT-98-33-A §§ 25,33
  44. ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany. § 44 citing Prosecutor v. Kupreskic and Others (IT-95-16-T, judgment of 14 January 2000), § 751
  45. ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany] §45 citing Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Serbia and Montenegro ("Case concerning the application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide") the International Court of Justice (ICJ) found under the heading of "intent and 'ethnic cleansing'" § 190
  46. ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany. § 47
  47. ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany § 105
  48. ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany. § 113
  49. ^ ECHR Jorgic v. Germany. § 116
  50. ^ Trial watch Maksim Sokolovic