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hello friends i am limliptiong from kuching i study at smk.st.thomas secondary school ..... thank you for going to my side ..... FAITH HOPE AND LOVE......... SHINE UPON US ......... BE PROUD OF YOUR SELT

robison crusoe ..........

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search For other uses, see Robinson Crusoe (disambiguation). Robinson Crusoe Author Daniel Defoe Country England Language English Publication date April 25, 1719 Followed by The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe

Robinson Crusoe is a novel by Daniel Defoe, first published in 1719 and sometimes regarded as the first novel in English. The book is a fictional autobiography of the title character, an English castaway who spends 28 years on a remote tropical island near Venezuela, encountering natives, captives, and mutineers before being rescued. This device, presenting an account of supposedly factual events, is known as a "false document" and gives a realistic frame story.

The story was most likely influenced by the real-life experience of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish castaway who lived more than four years on the Pacific island that was called Más a Tierra (in 1966 its name became Robinson Crusoe Island), Chile. However, the description of Crusoe's island was probably based on the island of Tobago, since that island is near the mouth of the river Orinoco, and in sight of the island of Trinidad.[1] It is also likely that Defoe was inspired by the Latin or English translations of Abubacer's Philosophus Autodidactas, an earlier novel also set on a desert island. [2][3] [4] [5] Another source for Defoe's novel may have been Robert Knox's account of his abduction by the King of Ceylon in 1659 in "An Historical Account of the Island Ceylon," Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons (Publishers to the University), 1911.[6] Contents [hide]

   * 1 Plot summary
   * 2 Reception and sequels
   * 3 Real-life castaways
   * 4 Interpretations
         o 4.1 Colonial
         o 4.2 Religious
         o 4.3 Moral
         o 4.4 Economic
   * 5 Cultural influences
   * 6 See also
   * 7 Notes
   * 8 References
   * 9 External links

[edit] Plot summary

Crusoe leaves England setting sail from the Queens Dock in Hull on a sea voyage in September, 1651, against the wishes of his parents. After a tumultuous journey that sees his ship wrecked by a vicious storm, his lust for the sea remains so strong that he sets out to sea again. This journey too ends in disaster as the ship is taken over by Salé pirates and Crusoe becomes the slave of a Moor. He manages to escape with a boat and a boy named Xury; later, Robin is befriended by the Captain of a Portuguese ship off the western coast of Africa. The ship is enroute to Brazil. There, with the help of the captain, Crusoe becomes owner of a plantation.

He joins an expedition to bring slaves from Africa, but he is shipwrecked in a storm about forty miles out to sea on an island near the mouth of the Orinoco river on September 30, 1659. His companions all die; he fetches arms, tools, and other supplies from the ship before it breaks apart and sinks. He then gets battered by huge waves as he struggles to make it to an unknown island. He proceeds to build a fenced-in habitation and cave. He keeps a calendar by making marks in a wooden cross he builds. He hunts, grows corn, learns to make pottery, raises goats, etc. He reads the Bible and suddenly becomes religious, thanking God for his fate in which nothing is missing but society.

He discovers native cannibals occasionally visit the island to kill and eat prisoners. At first he plans to kill them for their abomination, but then he realizes that he has no right to do so as the cannibals have not attacked him and do not knowingly commit a crime. He dreams of capturing one or two servants by freeing some prisoners, and indeed, when a prisoner manages to escape, Crusoe helps him, naming his new companion "Friday" after the day of the week he appeared, and teaches him English and converts him to Christianity.

After another party of natives arrive to partake in a grisly feast, Crusoe and Friday manage to kill most of the natives and save two of the prisoners. One is Friday's father and the other is a Spaniard, who informs Crusoe that there are other Spaniards shipwrecked on the mainland. A plan is devised where the Spaniard would return with Friday's father to the mainland and bring back the others, build a ship, and sail to a Spanish port.

Before the Spaniards return, an English ship appears; mutineers have taken control of the ship and intend to maroon their former captain on the island. Crusoe and the ship's captain strike a deal, in which he helps the captain and the loyalist sailors retake the ship from the mutineers and that they intend to leave the worst of the mutineers on the island. Before they leave for England, Crusoe shows the former mutineers how he lived on the island, and that there will be more men coming. Crusoe leaves the island December 19th, 1686, and arrives back in England June 11th, 1687.

[edit] Reception and sequels Plaque 'commemorating' Robinson Crusoe's departure from Hull - "Had I the sense to return to Hull, I had been Happy..." Plaque 'commemorating' Robinson Crusoe's departure from Hull - "Had I the sense to return to Hull, I had been Happy..."

The book was first published on April 25, 1719. Its full title was The Life and strange Surprizing Adventures of Robinson Crusoe of York, Mariner: Who lived Eight and Twenty Years, all alone in an un-inhabited Island on the coast of America, near the Mouth of the Great River of Oroonoque; Having been cast on Shore by Shipwreck, wherein all the Men perished but himself. With An Account how he was at last as strangely deliver'd by Pyrates. Written by Himself

The positive reception was immediate and universal. Before the end of the year, this first volume had run through four editions. Within years, it had reached an audience as wide as any book ever written in English.

By the end of the 19th century, no book in the history of Western literature had spawned more editions, spin-offs, and translations (even into languages such as Inuit, Coptic, and Maltese) than Robinson Crusoe, with more than 700 such alternative versions, including children's versions with mainly pictures and no text.[7] There have been hundreds of adaptations in dozens of languages, from The Swiss Family Robinson to Luis Buñuel's film adaptation. J.M. Coetzee's 1986 novel Foe and the 2000 Hollywood film Cast Away are both recent examples of reimagining, retelling, and reevaluation of the story. The term "Robinsonade" has even been coined to describe the various spin-offs of Robinson Crusoe.

Defoe went on to write a lesser-known sequel, The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. It was intended to be the last part of his stories, according to the original title-page of its first edition, but in fact a third part, entitled Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe, was written; it is a mostly forgotten series of moral essays with Crusoe's name attached to give interest.

[edit] Real-life castaways

   See also: Castaway#Real Occurrences

Book on Alexander Selkirk Book on Alexander Selkirk

There were many stories of real-life castaways in Defoe's time. Defoe's initial inspiration for Crusoe is usually thought to be a Scottish sailor named Alexander Selkirk, who was rescued in 1709 by Woodes Rogers' expedition after four years on the uninhabited island of Más a Tierra in the Juan Fernández Islands off the Chilean coast. Rogers's "Cruising Voyage" was published in 1712, with an account of Alexander Selkirk's ordeal. However, Robinson Crusoe is far from a copy of Woodes Roger's account. Selkirk was marooned at his own request, while Crusoe was shipwrecked. The islands are different. Selkirk lived alone for the whole time, while Crusoe found companions. Selkirk stayed on his island for four years, not twenty-eight. Furthermore, much of the appeal of Defoe's novel is the detailed and captivating account of Crusoe's thoughts, occupations and activities which goes far beyond that of Rogers' basic descriptions of Selkirk, which account for only a few pages.

Tim Severin's book Seeking Robinson Crusoe (2002) unravels a much wider and more plausible range of potential sources of inspiration for Robinson Crusoe. Severin concludes at the end of his thorough investigations quite convincingly, by stating that the real person that the character Robinson Crusoe was based on, was a castaway surgeon. The surgeon was in the former employ of the Duke of Monmouth, a man named Henry Pitman. Pitman's short book about his real-life desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony for his part in the Monmouth Rebellion, his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures, was published by J.Taylor of Paternoster Row, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe's novel. Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father's publishing house and that Defoe himself was a mercer in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman in person and learnt of his real-life experiences, first-hand, as a castaway. If he didn't meet Pitman directly, then as Severin points out, Defoe, upon submitting even a mere draft of a novel about a castaway, to his publisher, would undoubtedly have learnt about Pitman's book published by his father, especially since the interesting castaway, Pitman, had previously lodged with them at their former premises.

Severin also provides sufficient evidence in his book, that another publicised case[8] of a real-life marooned man named only as Will, of the Miskito people of Central America, may have caught Defoe's attention, which led to the depiction of Man Friday, in his novel (for details about Will see Will (Indian).

[edit] Interpretations

Despite its simple narrative style and the absence of the supposedly indispensable love motive, it was well received in the literary world. The book is considered one of the most widely published books in history (behind some of the sacred texts). It has been a hit since the day it was published, and continues to be highly regarded to this day.

[edit] Colonial

Novelist James Joyce eloquently noted that the true symbol of the British conquest is Robinson Crusoe: "He is the true prototype of the British colonist… The whole Anglo-Saxon spirit is in Crusoe: the manly independence, the unconscious cruelty, the persistence, the slow yet efficient intelligence, the sexual apathy, the calculating taciturnity".[9]

In a sense Crusoe attempts to replicate his own society on the island. This is achieved through the application of European technology, agriculture and even a rudimentary political hierarchy. Several times in the novel Crusoe refers to himself as the 'king' of the island, whilst the captain describes him as the 'governor' to the mutineers. At the very end of the novel the island is explicitly referred to as a 'colony'. The idealised master-servant relationship Defoe depicts between Crusoe and Friday can also be seen in terms of cultural imperialism. Crusoe represents the 'enlightened' European whilst Friday is the 'savage' who can only be redeemed from his supposedly barbarous way of life through the assimilation into Crusoe's culture. Nevertheless, within the novel Defoe also takes the opportunity to criticise the historic Spanish conquest of South America.

[edit] Religious

According to J.P. Hunter, Robinson is not a hero, but an everyman. He begins as a wanderer, aimless on a sea he does not understand; he ends as a pilgrim, crossing a final mountain to enter the promised land. The book tells the story of how Robinson gets closer to God, not through listening to sermons in a church but through spending time alone amongst nature with only a Bible to read.

Robinson Crusoe is filled with religious aspects. Defoe was himself a Puritan moralist, and normally worked in the guide tradition, writing books on how to be a good Puritan Christian, such as The New Family Instructor (1727) and Religious Courtship (1722). While Robinson Crusoe is far more than a guide, it shares many of the same themes and theological and moral points of view. The very name "Crusoe" may have been taken from Timothy Cruso, a classmate of Defoe's who had written guide books himself, including God the Guide of Youth (1695), before dying at an early age — just eight years before Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe. Cruso would still have been remembered by contemporaries and the association with guide books is clear. It has even been suggested that God the Guide of Youth inspired Robinson Crusoe because of a number of passages in that work that are closely tied to the novel; however this is speculative.[10]

The Biblical story of Jonah is alluded to in the first part of novel. Like Jonah, Crusoe neglects his 'duty' and is punished at sea.

A central concern of Defoe's in the novel is the Christian notion of Providence. Crusoe often feels himself guided by a divinely ordained fate, thus explaining his robust optimism in the face of apparent hopelessness. His various fortunate intuitions are taken as evidence of a benign spirit world. Defoe also foregrounds this theme by arranging highly significant events in the novel to occur on Crusoe's birthday.

[edit] Moral

When confronted with the cannibalistic Indians Crusoe wrestles with the problem of cultural relativism. Despite his disgust he feels unjustified in holding the natives morally responsible for a practice so deeply ingrained in their culture. Nevertheless he retains his belief in an absolute standard of morality. Not only does he condemn cannibalism as a 'national crime' but he also forbids Friday from practicing it. Modern readers may also note that despite Crusoe's apparently superior morality, in common with the culture of his day, he accepts slavery as a basic feature of colonial life.

[edit] Economic

Karl Marx made an analysis of Crusoe in his classic work Capital. In Marxist terms Crusoe's experiences on the island represents the inherent economic value of labour over capital. Crusoe frequently observes that the money he salvaged from the ship is worthless on the island, especially when compared to his tools. For the literary critic Angus Ross, Defoe's point is that money has no intrinsic value and is only valuable insofar as it can be used in trade. There is also a notable correlation between Crusoe's spiritual and financial development as the novel progresses, possibly signifying Defoe's belief in the Protestant work ethic.

In the Austrian School of economics and praxeology, “Crusoe economics” is used as an abstraction for understanding “...the basic truths of interpersonal relations, truths which remain obscure if we insist on looking first at the contemporary world only whole and of a piece.”[11]

[edit] Cultural influences

The book proved so popular that the names of the two main protagonists have entered the language. The term "Robinson Crusoe" is virtually synonymous with the word "castaway" and is often used as a metaphor for being or doing something alone. Robinson Crusoe usually referred to his servant as "my man Friday", from which the term "Man Friday" (or "Girl Friday") originated, referring to a personal assistant, servant, or companion.

In Jean-Jacques Rousseau's treatise on education, Emile: Or, On Education, the one book the main character, Emile, is allowed to read before the age of twelve is Robinson Crusoe. Rousseau wants Emile to identify himself as Crusoe so he could rely upon himself for all of his needs. In Rousseau's view, Emile needs to imitate Crusoe's experience, allowing necessity to determine what is to be learned and accomplished. This is one of the main themes of Rousseau's educational model.

In Wilkie Collins's most popular novel, The Moonstone, one of the chief characters and narrators, Gabriel Betteredge, places implicit faith in all that Robinson Crusoe says, and uses the book for a sort of divination. He considers 'The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe' the finest book ever written, and considers a man but poorly read if he had happened not to read the book.

Nobel Prize-winning (2003) author J. M. Coetzee in 1986 published a novel entitled Foe, in which he explores an alternative telling of the Crusoe story, an allegorical story about racism, philosophy, and colonialism.

Jacques Offenbach wrote an opéra comique called Robinson Crusoé which was first performed at the Opéra-Comique, Salle Favart on 23 November 1867. This was based on the British pantomime version rather than the novel itself. The libretto was by Eugène Cormon and Hector-Jonathan Crémieux. The opera includes a duet by Robinson Crusoe and Friday.

French novelist Michel Tournier wrote Friday (or in French Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique) published in 1967. His novel explores themes including civilization versus nature, the psychology of solitude,and death and sexuality, in a retelling of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe story. Tournier's Robinson chooses to remain on the island, rejecting civilization when offered the chance to escape 28 years after being shipwrecked.

The theme song of Gilligan's Island, a television series about castaways, has a line that refers to this novel ("Like Robinson Crusoe, it's as primitive as can be"). The same line is used in "Weird Al" Yankovic's song "Amish Paradise".

The Nintendo Wii's contest channel had a competition to make an avatar of Robinson Crusoe.

[edit] See also

   * Robinsonade
   * Man Friday
   * Castaway
   * Self-sufficiency
   * The Swiss Family Robinson
   * The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (TV series)
   * Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.
   * Robinson Crusoe on Mars
   * Cast Away
   * Gilligan's Island (TV series)
   * Journal of an Urban Robinson Crusoe
   * The Coral Island

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Robinson Crusoe, Chapter 23.
  2. ^ Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication.
  3. ^ Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0759101906.
  4. ^ Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [369].
  5. ^ Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts, The Guardian, 22 March 2003.
  6. ^ see Alan Filreis
  7. ^ Ian Watt. "Robinson Crusoe as a Myth", from Essays in Criticism (April 1951). Reprinted in the Norton Critical Edition (second edition, 1994) of Robinson Crusoe.
  8. ^ William Dampier, A New Voyage round the World, 1697 [1].
  9. ^ James Joyce, “Daniel Defoe”, translated from Italian manuscript and edited by Joseph Prescott, Buffalo Studies 1 (1964): 24-25
 10. ^ Hunter, J. Paul (1966) The Reluctant Pilgrim. As found in Norton Critical Edition (see References).
 11. ^ Murray Rothbard, The Ethics of Liberty, 1982, Chapter 6 [2].

[edit] References

   * Shinagel, Michael, ed. (1994). Robinson Crusoe. Norton Critical Edition. ISBN 0-393-96452-3. Includes textual annotations, contemporary and modern criticisms, bibliography.

   * Ross, Angus, ed. (1965) Robinson Crusoe. Penguin.

[edit] External links Wikisource has original text related to this article: Robinson Crusoe Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Robinson Crusoe

   * Robinson Crusoe, available at Project Gutenberg.
   * Robinson Crusoe (London: W. Taylor, 1719)., commented text of the first edition, free at Editions Marteau.
   * Free eBook of Robinson Crusoe RSS version.
   * Free eBook of Robinson Crusoe with illustrations by N. C. Wyeth
   * Free audiobook of Robinson Crusoe from Librivox
   * Robinson Crusoe, told in words of one syllable, by Lucy Aikin (aka "Mary Godolphin") (1723-1764).
   * http://www.digbib.org/Daniel_Defoe_1661/The_Further_Adventures_Of_Robinson_Crusoe The text of volume II.
   * Chasing Crusoe, multimedia documentary explores the novel and real life history of Selkirk.

Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robinson_Crusoe"

Categories: 1719 novels | Adventure novels | Public domain characters | Novels by Daniel Defoe

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Robinson Crusoe
Author	Daniel Defoe
Country	England
Language	English
Publication date	April 25, 1719
Followed by	The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe

Robinson Crusoe is a novel by Daniel Defoe, first published in 1719 and sometimes regarded as the first novel in English. The book is a fictional autobiography of the title character, an English castaway who spends 28 years on a remote tropical island near Venezuela, encountering natives, captives, and mutineers before being rescued. This device, presenting an account of supposedly factual events, is known as a "false document" and gives a realistic frame story.

The story was most likely influenced by the real-life experience of Alexander Selkirk, a Scottish castaway who lived more than four years on the Pacific island that was called Más a Tierra (in 1966 its name became Robinson Crusoe Island), Chile. However, the description of Crusoe's island was probably based on the island of Tobago, since that island is near the mouth of the river Orinoco, and in sight of the island of Trinidad.^[1] It is also likely that Defoe was inspired by the Latin or English translations of Abubacer's Philosophus Autodidactas, an earlier novel also set on a desert island. ^[2]^[3] ^[4] ^[5] Another source for Defoe's novel may have been Robert Knox's account of his abduction by the King of Ceylon in 1659 in "An Historical Account of the Island Ceylon," Glasgow: James MacLehose and Sons (Publishers to the University), 1911.^[6]

1 Plot summary
2 Reception and sequels
3 Real-life castaways
4 Interpretations
5 Cultural influences
6 See also
7 Notes
8 References
9 External links

[edit] Plot summary

[edit] Reception and sequels

Plaque 'commemorating' Robinson Crusoe's departure from Hull - "Had I the sense to return to Hull, I had been Happy..."

By the end of the 19th century, no book in the history of Western literature had spawned more editions, spin-offs, and translations (even into languages such as Inuit, Coptic, and Maltese) than Robinson Crusoe, with more than 700 such alternative versions, including children's versions with mainly pictures and no text.^[7] There have been hundreds of adaptations in dozens of languages, from The Swiss Family Robinson to Luis Buñuel's film adaptation. J.M. Coetzee's 1986 novel Foe and the 2000 Hollywood film Cast Away are both recent examples of reimagining, retelling, and reevaluation of the story. The term "Robinsonade" has even been coined to describe the various spin-offs of Robinson Crusoe.

Defoe went on to write a lesser-known sequel, The Further Adventures of Robinson Crusoe. It was intended to be the last part of his stories, according to the original title-page of its first edition, but in fact a third part, entitled Serious Reflections of Robinson Crusoe, was written; it is a mostly forgotten series of moral essays with Crusoe's name attached to give interest.

[edit] Real-life castaways

See also: Castaway#Real Occurrences

Book on Alexander Selkirk

There were many stories of real-life castaways in Defoe's time. Defoe's initial inspiration for Crusoe is usually thought to be a Scottish sailor named Alexander Selkirk, who was rescued in 1709 by Woodes Rogers' expedition after four years on the uninhabited island of Más a Tierra in the Juan Fernández Islands off the Chilean coast. Rogers's "Cruising Voyage" was published in 1712, with an account of Alexander Selkirk's ordeal. However, Robinson Crusoe is far from a copy of Woodes Roger's account. Selkirk was marooned at his own request, while Crusoe was shipwrecked. The islands are different. Selkirk lived alone for the whole time, while Crusoe found companions. Selkirk stayed on his island for four years, not twenty-eight. Furthermore, much of the appeal of Defoe's novel is the detailed and captivating account of Crusoe's thoughts, occupations and activities which goes far beyond that of Rogers' basic descriptions of Selkirk, which account for only a few pages.

Tim Severin's book Seeking Robinson Crusoe (2002) unravels a much wider and more plausible range of potential sources of inspiration for Robinson Crusoe. Severin concludes at the end of his thorough investigations quite convincingly, by stating that the real person that the character Robinson Crusoe was based on, was a castaway surgeon. The surgeon was in the former employ of the Duke of Monmouth, a man named Henry Pitman. Pitman's short book about his real-life desperate escape from a Caribbean penal colony for his part in the Monmouth Rebellion, his shipwrecking and subsequent desert island misadventures, was published by J.Taylor of Paternoster Row, London, whose son William Taylor later published Defoe's novel. Severin argues that since Pitman appears to have lived in the lodgings above the father's publishing house and that Defoe himself was a mercer in the area at the time, Defoe may have met Pitman in person and learnt of his real-life experiences, first-hand, as a castaway. If he didn't meet Pitman directly, then as Severin points out, Defoe, upon submitting even a mere draft of a novel about a castaway, to his publisher, would undoubtedly have learnt about Pitman's book published by his father, especially since the interesting castaway, Pitman, had previously lodged with them at their former premises.

Severin also provides sufficient evidence in his book, that another publicised case^[8] of a real-life marooned man named only as Will, of the Miskito people of Central America, may have caught Defoe's attention, which led to the depiction of Man Friday, in his novel (for details about Will see Will (Indian).

[edit] Interpretations

[edit] Colonial

[edit] Religious

Robinson Crusoe is filled with religious aspects. Defoe was himself a Puritan moralist, and normally worked in the guide tradition, writing books on how to be a good Puritan Christian, such as The New Family Instructor (1727) and Religious Courtship (1722). While Robinson Crusoe is far more than a guide, it shares many of the same themes and theological and moral points of view. The very name "Crusoe" may have been taken from Timothy Cruso, a classmate of Defoe's who had written guide books himself, including God the Guide of Youth (1695), before dying at an early age — just eight years before Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe. Cruso would still have been remembered by contemporaries and the association with guide books is clear. It has even been suggested that God the Guide of Youth inspired Robinson Crusoe because of a number of passages in that work that are closely tied to the novel; however this is speculative.^[10]

The Biblical story of Jonah is alluded to in the first part of novel. Like Jonah, Crusoe neglects his 'duty' and is punished at sea.

[edit] Moral

[edit] Economic

[edit] Cultural influences

In Jean-Jacques Rousseau's treatise on education, Emile: Or, On Education, the one book the main character, Emile, is allowed to read before the age of twelve is Robinson Crusoe. Rousseau wants Emile to identify himself as Crusoe so he could rely upon himself for all of his needs. In Rousseau's view, Emile needs to imitate Crusoe's experience, allowing necessity to determine what is to be learned and accomplished. This is one of the main themes of Rousseau's educational model.

Nobel Prize-winning (2003) author J. M. Coetzee in 1986 published a novel entitled Foe, in which he explores an alternative telling of the Crusoe story, an allegorical story about racism, philosophy, and colonialism.

Jacques Offenbach wrote an opéra comique called Robinson Crusoé which was first performed at the Opéra-Comique, Salle Favart on 23 November 1867. This was based on the British pantomime version rather than the novel itself. The libretto was by Eugène Cormon and Hector-Jonathan Crémieux. The opera includes a duet by Robinson Crusoe and Friday.

French novelist Michel Tournier wrote Friday (or in French Vendredi ou les Limbes du Pacifique) published in 1967. His novel explores themes including civilization versus nature, the psychology of solitude,and death and sexuality, in a retelling of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe story. Tournier's Robinson chooses to remain on the island, rejecting civilization when offered the chance to escape 28 years after being shipwrecked.

The theme song of Gilligan's Island, a television series about castaways, has a line that refers to this novel ("Like Robinson Crusoe, it's as primitive as can be"). The same line is used in "Weird Al" Yankovic's song "Amish Paradise".

The Nintendo Wii's contest channel had a competition to make an avatar of Robinson Crusoe.

[edit] See also

Robinsonade
Man Friday
Castaway
Self-sufficiency
The Swiss Family Robinson
The Adventures of Robinson Crusoe (TV series)
Lt. Robin Crusoe, U.S.N.
Robinson Crusoe on Mars
Cast Away
Gilligan's Island (TV series)
Journal of an Urban Robinson Crusoe
The Coral Island

[edit] Notes

^ Robinson Crusoe, Chapter 23.
^ Nawal Muhammad Hassan (1980), Hayy bin Yaqzan and Robinson Crusoe: A study of an early Arabic impact on English literature, Al-Rashid House for Publication.
^ Cyril Glasse (2001), New Encyclopedia of Islam, p. 202, Rowman Altamira, ISBN 0759101906.
^ Amber Haque (2004), "Psychology from Islamic Perspective: Contributions of Early Muslim Scholars and Challenges to Contemporary Muslim Psychologists", Journal of Religion and Health 43 (4): 357-377 [369].
^ Martin Wainwright, Desert island scripts, The Guardian, 22 March 2003.
^ see Alan Filreis
^ Ian Watt. "Robinson Crusoe as a Myth", from Essays in Criticism (April 1951). Reprinted in the Norton Critical Edition (second edition, 1994) of Robinson Crusoe.
^ William Dampier, A New Voyage round the World, 1697 [1].
^ James Joyce, “Daniel Defoe”, translated from Italian manuscript and edited by Joseph Prescott, Buffalo Studies 1 (1964): 24-25
^ Hunter, J. Paul (1966) The Reluctant Pilgrim. As found in Norton Critical Edition (see References).
^ Murray Rothbard, The Ethics of Liberty, 1982, Chapter 6 [2].

[edit] References

Shinagel, Michael, ed. (1994). Robinson Crusoe. Norton Critical Edition. ISBN 0-393-96452-3. Includes textual annotations, contemporary and modern criticisms, bibliography.

Ross, Angus, ed. (1965) Robinson Crusoe. Penguin.

[edit] External links

Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Limliptiong

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:

Robinson Crusoe

Robinson Crusoe, available at Project Gutenberg.
Robinson Crusoe (London: W. Taylor, 1719)., commented text of the first edition, free at Editions Marteau.
Free eBook of Robinson Crusoe RSS version.
Free eBook of Robinson Crusoe with illustrations by N. C. Wyeth
Free audiobook of Robinson Crusoe from Librivox
Robinson Crusoe, told in words of one syllable, by Lucy Aikin (aka "Mary Godolphin") (1723-1764).
http://www.digbib.org/Daniel_Defoe_1661/The_Further_Adventures_Of_Robinson_Crusoe The text of volume II.
Chasing Crusoe, multimedia documentary explores the novel and real life history of Selkirk.

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SMK St. Thomas From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search This article or section needs to be wikified to meet Wikipedia's quality standards. Please help improve this article with relevant internal links. (May 2007) SMK ST THOMAS Principal Mr. Wong Hiong Foo School Motto faith hope and love School Anthem Aim Higher Founded 1848 Location Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia Sports Houses Chambers, McDougall, Hose, Mounsey, Logie, Noel.......

SMK St Thomas is a secondary school located in Kuching, Sarawak, Malaysia.

Contents [hide]

   * 1 History
         o 1.1 The Early Years (1848-1882)
         o 1.2 The Japanese Occupation (1941-1945)
         o 1.3 The Post War Years (1946-1962)
         o 1.4 Independence (1963-Onwards)
         o 1.5 The New Millennium
   * 2 Gallery

[edit] History

[edit] The Early Years (1848-1882)

   * The missionaries, led by a priest-doctor, Francis Thomas McDougall, arrived in Sarawak on 29th June, 1848.

   * On 5th August, Francis Thomas McDougall opened a Day School for boys in an empty house in town. The Home School was set up when Rajah James Brooke asked the Mission to adopt four Eurasian children.

   * In September 1848, the Rajah granted land situated east of the town to the mission. The Home School moved there in 1849. The Home School was developed into the two familiar schools in Kuching - St. Thomas' for boys and St. Mary's for girls.

   * The Main Building was opened by the Rajah James Brooke on 13th August, 1886.

   * The new Assembly Hall was opened and blessed on the 30th of November 1927.

   * The Cambridge Junior Certificate examnination was first taken in 1930, while in 1935, School Certificate examination was started.

[edit] The Japanese Occupation (1941-1945)

   * On the last day of the term, 19th December, 1941 Kuching was bombed by the Japanese Air Force. The Japanese Army Landed in Kuching on Christmas Eve and occupied the school compound on Christmas Day.

   * During 1941, three to four hundred forced laborers were housed in the school. A swimming pool was built but was never completed.

   * Several days before the Australians landed on 11th September, 1945 the majority of the Japanese troops left Kuching and the school buildings were left empty. The school buildings including the Principal's House and offices were dismantled by laborers for firewood and for making wash bowls and furniture for sale.

[edit] The Post War Years (1946-1962)

   * Within three weeks after the Japanese surrender, St. Thomas' School and St. Mary's School reopened as a co-ed school but by 9th January, 1946 the two schools separated.

   * On 1st May 1947, the restored Main Building was formally opened by the then Governor of Sarawak, Sir Charles Arden Clarke.

   * The first post-war Cambridge Junior Certificate Examination was held in St. Mary's School Hall in 1947 and 21 candidated were successful.

   * The first edition of the annual school magazine "The Thomian" was produced in 1949.

   * The Old Thomian Association was formed in 1951 and Mr. E.W. Howell was elected president.

   * In early 1952, the school was separated into Primary and Secondary Departments.

   * The first edition of the school paper "The Square" appeared in May 1955.

[edit] Independence (1963-Onwards)

   * On 20th September, 1969, the Governor of Sarawak, Tan Sri Tuanku Haji Bujang officially opened Datuk James Wong Kim Min Hall.

   * On 12th March, 1973 the then Minister of Education Datuk Hussein Onn, formally declared open the new junior block.

   * The Main Building and the School Library was badly damaged by a fire which broke out on the night of 5th October, 1979, while celebrations were going on in the town on the occasion of the Rulers' Conference.

   * From 1982 onwards, Bahasa Malaysia become the medium of instruction.

   * The new Science Block was officially opened in 1988.

   * The school celebrated its 150th Anniversary in 1998. In the same year, the new canteen was completed.

[edit] The New Millennium

2003

   * Celebrated the 50th anniversary of 6th Form education in Sarawak
   * Awarded Best STPM results in the country by Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia
   * Won the national 3K Competition

2004

   * Awarded best STPM results in the country by Majlis Peperiksaan Malaysia
   * Won the state Level 'Sekolah Harapan'
   * Won the PBSS Gold Award

2005

   * Won the national level 'Sekolah Harapan' award
   * Second placing in the State Civil Service Quality Award
   * Won the 'Sekolah Paling Cemerlang' award and Mr. Peter Foo Chee Hui (1996-early 2006) won the 'Pengetua Paling Cemerlang' award. Both awards were awarded under the category of 'Anugerah Khas Ketua Menteri Sarawak'

2006

   * Given recognition as a 'Sekolah Lestari' and won the national level 'River Care Award'
   * The Running Track was officiated and blessed by the Bishop, Datuk Made Katib.

[edit] Gallery

Principal's House

School Hall Retrieved from "http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SMK_St._Thomas" Categories: Secondary schools in Malaysia | Schools in Sarawak | Buildings and structures in Kuching Hidden categories: All pages needing to be wikified | Wikify from May 2007 Views

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