Legacy of the Great Irish Famine
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- For the main article on the Great Irish Famine, see Great Irish Famine.
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[edit] Political and cultural impact of the Famine
[edit] In Ireland
Political reaction resulted from the Famine, because of the extremely limited franchise that existed at the time. While Ireland in the 1820s to 1840s had been dominated by the Catholic Emancipation and "Repeal" movements under Daniel O'Connell, it was not until the 1880s under Charles Stewart Parnell, nearly forty years after the Famine, that a major Irish nationalist political movement, the Home Rule League (later known as the 'Parliamentary Party') appeared. Parnell was also instrumental in establishing the Irish Land League, to achieve land reform. (The Independent Irish Party, formed in June 1852, disintegrated within four years, but it was in major decline from 1853 when tenants benefited from a recovery in agricultural prices.)
Outside the mainstream, too, reaction was slow. The 1848 Young Ireland rebellion under Thomas Davis, though occurring at the start of the Famine, was hardly impacted upon by the Famine, as much as by the clash between the constitutional nationalism and Catholicism of O'Connell and the pluralist republicanism of Davis. Another rebellion would not occur again until the 1860s under the Fenians/Irish Republican Brotherhood. Historians have speculated that, such was the economic and social impact on Ireland, the nation was numbed into inaction for decades afterwards; in other words, that politics mattered less to people after the traumatic experiences of the late 1840s and early 1850s.
Though its electorate was small (as elsewhere), Irish voters up until the mid 1880s continued to vote for the two major British political parties, the Conservatives and the Liberals, with more votes and seats going to the latter, even though it had been the party of government during the Famine. A large body of voters continued to vote for Unionists, who wished to maintain the Union that joined Britain and Ireland right into the twentieth century. (The Dublin township of Rathmines had a unionist-dominated council and unionist mayor as late as 1929.)
The British Royal Family avoided some censure, due to their relative impotence in political affairs. Although some nationalists held to the rumor that Queen Victoria (the "Famine Queen") had only donated a miserly £5 to famine relief, in fact the sum was £2,000. Considering her general lack of action during the "famine", Victoria received a surprisingly un-hostile welcome during what was largely seen as a propaganda visit of 1849. However, this visit was conducted under stringent security measures and was not free from protests or controversy. The amount of money lavished on her visit was contrasted to her relatively miserly contribution to famine relief (one banquet, for instance, cost over £5,000) and the official celebrations surrounding her visit were compared to the act of "illuminating a graveyard" in a newspaper editorial at the time [1].
[edit] Irish emigrants abroad
If the political elite in Ireland was tolerant of British political parties and the monarchy, emigrants were not so. Many Irish emigrants to the United States quickly associated with separatist republican groups and organisations like the Irish Republican Brotherhood. The political liberties and freedom of opportunity they encountered in the States confirmed for them the potential of an independent Ireland and often made them more passionate than their brethren at home.
The Famine became a major platform for emigrant anger, as it was the main cause for them being emigrants in the first place. John Mitchel, a journalist by trade (who had written for Thomas Davis's newspaper, The Nation before leaving to set up his own paper, only to be arrested, tried for sedition and transported to the penal colony of Van Diemen's Land) proved to be a superb campaigner against British rule in Ireland. Analysing the famine, he wrote:
| “ | The Almighty indeed sent the potato blight but the English created the famine...a million and half men, women and children were carefully, prudently and peacefully slain by the English government. They died of hunger in the midst of abundance which their own hands created.[2] John Mitchel |
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Mitchel's commentary expressed the anger felt by many emigrants, who saw themselves as the dispossessed, forced from Ireland by a famine they blamed on Britain's slow and ham-fisted reaction. The famine became a constant issue with Irish Americans, who to an extent perhaps almost unrivalled among emigrant communities in the United States, remained emotionally attached to their native land. Leaders such as John Devoy in later decades came to play a major role in supporting Irish nationalism. It was no accident that the President of Dáil Éireann, Eamon de Valera in 1920 chose to travel to the United States, not elsewhere, in his efforts to get the Irish Republic recognised and accepted, or that when Michael Collins launched special bonds to fund the new Republic, many were sold to Irish Americans.
[edit] Suggestion of genocide
A controversial claim made by a U.S. professor of law, Francis A. Boyle is that the Famine amounted to genocide by the British against the Irish, meaning that the famine was part of a deliberate policy of planned extermination. However more American, British and Irish historians, such as Professors F.S.L. Lyons, John A. Murphy, Roy Foster, and James S. Donnelly, Jr, as well as historians Cecil Woodham-Smith, Peter Gray, Ruth Dudley Edwards and Cormac Ó Gráda have dismissed claims of a deliberate policy of genocide. All historians generally agree that the British policies during the Famine, particularly those applied by the ministry of Lord John Russell, were misguided, ill-informed and counter-productive.
"Democide", a recently coined term, has been suggested to be more appropriate — referring to a deliberate policy of negligence rather of planned extermination.[citation needed] The famine killed one million Irish through hunger and related diseases such as cholera. A million others emigrated during the famine, with millions more following them in the following decades. The vast majority of these people were Roman Catholic, traditionally less inclined towards loyalty to the Crown. The famine ended conclusively any chance of Ireland ever being a military or economic threat to Britain again. Although the Famine was traditionally seen as only effecting Catholics or pre-plantation Irish, some modern historians such as David Miller point out that predominantly Protestant areas such as Ulster lost 20% of their population from 1841 to 1851 (compared to the 15 percent death rate in Catholic Leinster) and a substantial number of "planters" lost their lands or were otherwise bankrupted.
Many American historians, however, still insist that what happened was genocide,[citation needed] sometimes accusing other historians, statisticians and researchers who state otherwise of pushing a British point of view, or of revisionism, rewriting history to make excuses for British imperialism.[citation needed]
[edit] Legacy of the Famine today
The Republic of Ireland commemorated the 150th anniversary of the Great Famine in the 1990s. It was a contrast, in many ways, with the 100th anniversary in the 1940s. Then, only a few commemorations were held-- the most significant of which was a commissioned volume of Famine history edited by R. Dudley Edwards and T. Desmond Williams (though not published until 1956), and the 'Famine Survey' undertaken by the Irish Folklore Commission in 1945. It may still have been too traumatic an experience; the children of many Famine survivors were still alive, as indeed were some born during the Famine period. Additionally the notion of commemorating a nationally catastrophic (yet poorly understood) event was at odds with traditions of heroic commemorations in the Republic. The 1990s marked a significant shift in attitudes towards commemorating the Famine, as hundreds of events took place in Ireland and throughout the Irish diaspora, some of which received sponsorship from the National Famine Commemoration Committee based in the Department of the Taoiseach, led by TD Avril Doyle. At the Great Famine Event held in Millstreet, Co Cork, a statement from British Prime Minister Tony Blair was read aloud, apologising for the failure of past British governments to adequately address the crisis. A large amount of new famine studies were produced, many detailing for the first time local experiences. Historians re-examined all aspects of the Famine experience; from practical issues like the number of deaths and emigrants, to the longterm impact it had on society, sexual behaviour, land holdings, property rights and the entire Irish identity.
[edit] The Famine in song
The Famine is also commemorated in song, both from the period and from modern times. The most famous modern song on the famine is "The Fields of Athenry", by Pete St. John. Written in three verses, it deals with a fictitious but realistic story of "Michael" being deported to Botany Bay for stealing corn to feed his starving family. Performed in folk, traditional and even reggae versions, it is often sung by supporters of Celtic F.C., many of who are of Irish descent. The song itself sums up the sense of despair, anger and bitterness of famine victims. The song was also covered by Boston punk rock band, the Dropkick Murphys on their 2003 Blackout album.
Pagan Metal band Primordial also have a song about the Famine named "The Coffin Ships" on their 2005 album The Gathering Wilderness.
Another related song is "Famine" by Sinéad O'Connor, released on the Universal Mother album. The lyrics criticize the historic view taught nowadays at schools, which is described as misleading from the real facts.
[edit] Ireland and modern famine relief
Internationally, Ireland has been at the forefront of international famine relief. In 1985, Irish rock star and founder of Live Aid, Bob Geldof revealed that the people of Ireland had given more to his fundraising efforts per head of population than any other nation on earth. Irish NGOs Goal, Concern, Trócaire and Gorta play a central role in helping famine victims throughout Africa. In 2000, Bono, lead singer with Irish band U2, played a central role in campaigning for debt relief for African nations in the Jubilee 2000 campaign, while Mary Robinson as president visited Rwanda to highlight injustices, before becoming the United Nations Commissioner on Human Rights. Though no longer fully subscribing to the belief that the famine was a purely deliberate act by Britain (the John Mitchel thesis still popular in the U.S.), the Irish famine experience continues to influence many Irish people in their attitudes towards the third world and famine victims everywhere.
[edit] Footnotes
[edit] Further reading
- Joseph Lee, The Modernisation of Irish Society (ISBN 0-7171-0567-9) (Gill and Macmillan)
- F.S.L. Lyons, Ireland Since the Famine (ISBN 0-00-686005-2)
- James H. Murphy, Abject Loyalty: Nationalism and Monarchy in Ireland During the Reign of Queen Victoria (ISBN 1-85918-334-4) (Cork University Press, 2001)
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