Lake Kasumigaura
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| Lake Kasumigaura 霞ヶ浦 |
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| Coordinates | |
| Lake type | warm Monomictic |
| Primary inflows | Sakura and Naka rivers and more than 30 small rivers |
| Primary outflows | Tone River |
| Catchment area | 1,915 km² |
| Basin countries | Japan |
| Surface area | 220 km² |
| Average depth | 4 m |
| Max. depth | 7 m |
| Water volume | 0.848 km³ |
| Shore length1 | 252 km |
| Surface elevation | 0.16 m |
| Islands | 0 |
| Settlements | Tsuchiura, Ibaraki Kasumigaura, Ibaraki |
| 1 Shore length is not a well-defined measure. | |
Lake Kasumigaura (霞ヶ浦 Kasumigaura?) is the second largest lake in Japan, located 60 km to the north-east of Tōkyō. Lake Kasumigaura is actually the name given to a group of attached lakes, which includes the main lake, Nishiura (西浦), and two smaller lakes, Kitaura (北浦）and Sotonasakaura (外浪逆浦), and also encompasses the rivers connecting them. About 45% of the land surrounding the lake is natural landscape and 43.5% is agricultural land.
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[edit] History
The lakes of Kasumigaura once formed a deep marine bay, but have since been cut off from the Pacific Ocean by the sedimentation of adjacent rivers and the progress of tectonic subsidence since the late tertiary period. This lake was famous for its traditional fishery during the Edo period. But today, the fishing production has drastically decreased due to the quality deterioration of the water, which was partially caused by the closure of the tide gate aimed at desalination in 1963.
[edit] Use
Today, Lake Kasumigaura is used for fishing, irrigation, tourism, recreation, and for consumption by the surrounding public and local industry.
A variety of fish can be caught from the waters of Lake Kasumigaura, including Smelt, Japanese Icefish, Crucian carp, Goby, Japanese Eel and River Prawn. The most popular catch being cultivated carp, followed by smelt and goby. Another cultivated treasure from Lake Kasumigaura are the beautiful Kasumi freshwater pearls. They are known for their high luster and rosy hues, which are the result of a four year cultivation period. However, in 2006, cultivation was discontinued as cheap, lower quality freshwater pearls from China proved too difficult to compete against.
The water from Lake Kasumigaura has long been used for the irrigation of paddy fields in the surrounding alluvial plain and upland fields on diluvial terraces covered by thick deposits of volcanic ash. The primary crops are rice and lotus root (a local speciality). Other crops include tomato, cucumber, eggplant, watermelon, corn, edamame, sweet potato, kabocha, daikon and peanut.
Many tourists come to the lake in the summer to view the unique ’’hobikisen’’ (帆引き船) sailed fishing boats which are unique to Lake Kasumigaura. The Suigo aquapark, located in Tsuchiura city, is popular during the hottest months. Whereas the windmill of Kasumigaura comprehensive park is a popular site along the shores of the lake through out the year, but especially in the spring when the tulips are flowering.
The lake is also a recreation hotspot. Sport fishing enthusiasts and anglers can be found close to shore and around the river mouths surrounding the lake. Recreational boats, such as yachts, power boats, sail boats and personal watercraft, are regularly enjoyed on warm weekends around the lake. The wide surrounding wetlands are wonderful for birdwatching, as large numbers of water fowl can be observed, primarily during the wintering period. Japanese Cormorant, Bewick’s swan, little egret, gray heron, mallard, Eurasian wigeon, green heron, sharp-tailed sandpiper, bush warbler, wood sandpiper, Japanese marsh warbler, Japanese reed bunting, and the Eurasian coot are a few of the birds observable around the lake.
Lake Kasumigaura provides over 60 tons of water per second, of which the most goes to agriculture (83%). The rest is provided to local industry (13%) and public (4%) in the prefectures of Ibaraki, Chiba and Tōkyō.
[edit] Challenges
Eutrophication is a serious problem for Lake Kasumigaura. Legislation was enacted in 1982 to help in its prevention, which includes a ban on the use and selling of phosphate-containing synthetic detergents, and the control of nitrogen and phosphorus contents in the effluent from factories.
In order to help maintain the lake, dredging work is being carried out around the lake and at the estuaries of main inflowing rivers, such as Sakura river (桜川).
