Koreans in Africa
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7,900[1] |
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| Koreans |
Koreans in Africa form a very small population, estimated at only 7,900 people as of 2005. However, they are very widespread; South Korean nationals can be found in 49 countries of Africa, including the continent and its surrounding islands; they have established schools in 19 of those countries.[1] They form a small part of the Korean diaspora.
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[edit] History
South Africa considered importing labourers from Korea as early as 1903 in order to control rising mining wages, but eventually decided on Chinese workers instead.[4] During the wave of Korean labour migration to the Arab world in the 1970s and 1980s, many Koreans went to Arab countries of North Africa, including Libya, and to a lesser extent, Egypt and Sudan. Though Libya did not receive its first South Korean workers until 1977, it was the only Arab country which experienced consistent growth in the number of Korean workers between 1981 and 1985. By 1985 it had already become the Arab world's second most popular destination, with 23,138 arrivals from South Korea. In total, from 1977 until 1985, 103,953 South Koreans went to Libya.[5] In the 1980s, there were some North Koreans in Lesotho involved in training for the Youth League of the Basotho National Party's Vincent Makhele faction, but they were expelled due to pressure from South Africa in early 1986.[6] The Korean community in Nigeria consists of 550 construction engineers from South Korean construction companies Daewoo and Hyundai Heavy Industries, 240 local residents, and 10 missionaries sent by Christian churches in South Korea.[2] There is also a small population of roughly 200 Koreans in Botswana, largely formed by employees of South Korean automobile manufacturers; 154 live in the capital Gaborone.[3]
[edit] Education
The Cairo Korean School, founded on 5 December 1979 is Africa's only Korean day school and the earliest registered Korean educational institution of any kind in Africa; it enrolls 41 elementary school students and 36 middle school students.[7] Weekend Korean language schools for South Korean nationals have been established in eighteen other African countries as well, enrolling a total of 640 students. These are listed below (ordered by date of founding of the earliest school):
| Country | City | Date | School name | ↓ Teachers Students ↓ |
Levels | Ref. | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kenya | Nairobi | 1 March 1981 | 나이로비한인학교 Nairobi Han'in Hakkyo Nairobi Koreans' School |
8 | 58 | Kindergarten and elementary | [8] |
| Ghana | 1 September 1981 | 재 가나 토요한글학교 Jae Gana Toyo Hangeul Hakkyo Ghana Saturday Hangul School |
6 | 72 | Kindergarten to high school | [9] | |
| Ethiopia | 24 February 1984 | 주 이디오피아한글학교 Ju Idiopia Hangeul Hakkyo Ethiopia Hangul School |
2 | 13 | Elementary | [10] | |
| Senegal | Dakar | 1 October 1986 | 다카르한글학교 Dakareu Hangeul Hakkyo Dakar Hangul School |
7 | 23 | Elementary and middle school | [11] |
| Cote d'Ivoire | Abidjan | 8 July 1987 | 아비쟝한글학교 Abijyang Hangeul Hakkyo Abidjan Hangul School |
8 | 49 | Kindergarten and elementary | [12] |
| Mauritania | Nouadhibou | 15 April 1988 | 누아디브한글학교 Nuadibeu Hangeul Hakkyo Nouadhibou Hangul School |
2 | 9 | Kindergarten through high school | [13] |
| Morocco | Rabat | 7 October 1989 | 카사,라바트한글학교 Kasa, Rabateu Hangeul Hakkyo Casablanca-Rabat Hangul School |
5 | 22 | Kindergarten through middle school | [14] |
| Agadir | 12 January 1991 | 아가딜한글학교 Agadil Hangeul Hakkyo Agadir Hangul School |
3 | 11 | Kindergarten through middle school | [15] | |
| Egypt | Cairo | 1 September 1990 | 카이로한국학교부설토요학교 Kairo Hankuk Hakkyo Buseol Toyo Hakkyo Weekend School of Cairo Korean School |
3 | 15 | Elementary | [16] |
| Gabon | 21 January 1991 | 가봉한글학교 Gabong Hangeul Hakkyo Gabon Hangul School |
3 | 16 | Elementary | [17] | |
| Nigeria | Lagos | 21 January 1991 | 재 나이지리아 토요한글학교 Jae Naijiria Toyo Hangeul Hakkyo Nigeria Saturday Hangul School |
4 | 12 | Elementary | [18] |
| Tanzania | Dar es Salaam | 1 May 1993 | 탄자니아한글학교 Tanjania Hangeul Hakkyo Tanzania Hangul School |
5 | 27 | Kindergarten through middle school | [19] |
| Togo | Lomé | 2 July 1994 | 재 토고 토요한글학교 Jae Togo Toyo Hangeul Hakkyo Togo Saturday Hangul School |
4 | 27 | Kindergarten to high school | [20] |
| South Africa | Johannesburg | 1 March 1992 | 요하네스버그한글학교 Yohaneseubeogeu Hangeul Hakkyo Johannesburg Hangul School |
14 | 82 | Kindergarten through middle school | [21] |
| Pretoria | 4 February 1995 | 프레토리아한글학교 Peuretoria Hangeul Hakkyo Pretoria Hangul School |
8 | 46 | Kindergarten to middle school | [22] | |
| Cape Town | 10 March 2001 | 케이프타운한글학교 Keipeutaun Hangeul Hakkyo Cape Town Hangul School |
10 | 30 | Kindergarten to high school | [23] | |
| Uganda | 1 April 1995 | 우간다한인학교 Uganda Han'in Hakkyo Uganda Koreans' School |
6 | 26 | Kindergarten and elementary | [24] | |
| Tunisia | Tunis | 11 November 1996 | 튀니스한글학교 Tuiniseu Hangeul Hakkyo Tunis Hangul School |
4 | 10 | Elementary | [25] |
| Zimbabwe | Harare | 3 March 1997 | 하라레한글학교 Harare Hangeul Hakkyo Harare Hangul School |
4 | 10 | Kindergarten and elementary | [26] |
| Botswana | Gaborone | 10 January 1998 | 보츠나와한글학교 Bocheunawa Hangeul Hakkyo Botswana Hangul School |
5 | 23 | Elementary through high school | [27] |
| Cameroon | Douala | 1 January 2000 | 두알라한글학교 Dualla Hangeul Hakkyo Douala Hangul School |
4 | 25 | Kindergarten to middle school levels | [28] |
| Yaoundé | 1 January 2000 | 야운데한글학교 Yaunde Hangeul Hakkyo Yaoundé Hangul School |
8 | 12 | Elementary through high school | [29] | |
| Libya | 1 January 2000 | 재리비아주말한글학교 Jae Ribia Jumal Hangeul Hakkyo Libya Weekend Hangul School |
? | 22 | Kindergarten to high school | [30] | |
[edit] North Koreans in Africa
In the past North Korea ran several military and civil assistance programs to some of Africa's more radical states, including Guinea, Ethiopia, Zimbabwe, Mali and Tanzania. In return the DPRK was able to gain diplomatic recognition and other leverage; they were successful in ensuring South Korea was unable to join the Non-Aligned Movement. In Egypt's case the relationship was especially close; North Korean pilots flew Egyptian fighters in the 1973 Yom Kippur War and Egypt exported to North Korea scud missiles. Egypt even had diplomatic relations established with Israel before it had relations with South Korea[25].
North Korea was also involved in several armed insurgency movements in Angola, (then) Rhodesia and in the Seychelles, and provided support to the ANC and SWAPO. In 1984 3,000 North Korean military advisers were dispatched to Angola, and later were reportedly engaged in combat operations with FAPLA.[26]
In the 1990s and beyond, as governments in Africa became more pragmatic and South Korea's economic position became clearly superior to that of the North's, North Korea's influence in Africa declined.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Overseas Korean Foundation (2005)
- ^ a b Cheongwadae 2006 (Nigeria)
- ^ a b Overseas Korean Foundation 2007-03-27
- ^ Yap and Man 1996: 104
- ^ Seok 1991: 56-58
- ^ Hanlon 1986: 117, 120, 322
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [1]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [2]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [3]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [4]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [5]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [6]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [7]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [8]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [9]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [10]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [11]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [12]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [13]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [14]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [15]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [16]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [17]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [18]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [19]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [20]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [21]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [22]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [23]
- ^ NIIED-ROK 2007: [24]
[edit] Sources
- Hanlon, Joseph (1986). Beggar Your Neighbours: apartheid power in Southern Africa. Indiana, United States: Indiana University Press. ISBN 0253331315.
- Seok, Hyunho (1991). "Korean migrant workers to the Middle East". Migration to the Arab World: Experience of Returning Migrants: 56-103, United Nations University Press. ISBN 9280807455.
- Yap, Melanie; Man, Dianne (1996). Colour, Confusion & Concessions: The History of the Chinese in South Africa. Hong Kong University Press. ISBN 9622094244.
- President Roh Moo-hyun's State Visit to Nigeria. Cheongwadae (Office of the President), Republic of Korea (2006). Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
- Overseas Korean Educational Institutions. National Institute for International Education Development, Republic of Korea (2002-03-01). Retrieved on 2007-05-11.
- 중동/아프리카 재외동포현황 (Middle East/Africa Overseas Compatriots Present Status). Overseas Korean Foundation (2005). Retrieved on 2007-05-13.
- Jo, Hyeong-jae (2007-03-27). 보츠와나에 한류 전파해 장관상 수상. Overseas Korean Foundation. Retrieved on 2007-05-14.
[edit] External links
- Owoeye, Jide (July 1991). "The Metamorphosis of North Korea's African Policy". Asian Survey 31 (7): 630–645. doi:.
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