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Pakistan: Water and Sanitation
Data
Water coverage (broad definition)	91% (2004)[1]
Sanitation coverage (broad definition)	59% (2004)[1]
Continuity of supply (%)	Mostly intermittent in urban areas[2]
Average urban water use (l/c/d)	Karachi: 197 (2001)[3]
Average urban water tariff (US$/m³)	Karachi: 0.13[4][5]
Share of household metering	Low[2]
Annual investment in WSS	Scheduled: US$2.66 per capita (2005-2010)[6][7][8]
Share of self-financing by utilities	Low[5]
Share of tax-financing	n/a
Share of external financing	n/a
Institutions
Decentralization to municipalities	Yes, since 2001
National water and sanitation company	None
Water and sanitation regulator	None
Responsibility for policy setting	Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA) under the Ministry of Power and Water
Sector law	None
Number of urban service providers	n/a
Number of rural service providers	n/a

Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan has made significant progress concerning coverage.^[9] However, the sector still faces major challenges concerning the quality of the services. Water supply is mostly intermittent in urban areas. Poor drinking water quality leads to major outbreaks of waterborne diseases and wastewater treatment is almost non-existent.^[10] In addition, many service providers do not even cover the costs of operation and maintenance due to low tariffs and poor economic efficiency.^[5]

These problems are partly a result of the focus on irrigation, which prevailed in the Pakistani water policy for decades. This has changed at least since the Medium Term Development Framework 2005-2010 was passed. The framework provides for about US$404 million per year for water supply and sanitation and is accompanied by several policy documents with the objective to notably improve water and sanitation coverage and quality.^[7][11] Pakistan is home of the Orangi Pilot Project, a successful grassroots approach which has led to increased sanitation in peri-urban areas.^[12]

Contents 1 Access 2 Service quality 2.1 Continuity of supply 2.2 Drinking water quality 2.3 Wastewater treatment 3 Water resources 4 Water use 5 History and recent developments 5.1 History 5.2 Recent developments 5.2.1 Local Government Ordinance 5.2.2 National Drinking Water Policy (NDWP) 5.2.3 National Sanitation Policy (NSP) 5.2.4 Clean Drinking Water for All Programme 6 Responsibility for water supply and sanitation 6.1 Policy and regulation 6.2 Service provision 6.2.1 The Orangi Pilot Project 7 Economic efficiency 7.1 Non-revenue water 7.2 Labor productivity 8 Financial aspects 8.1 Tariffs and cost recovery 8.2 Investment and financing 9 External cooperation 9.1 Asian Development Bank 9.2 Japan Bank for International Cooperation 9.3 World Bank 9.3.1 Second Karachi Water Supply 9.3.2 Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project 10 References 11 See also 12 External links

[edit] Access

In Pakistan, according to the Joint Monitoring Program of the World Health Organization and UNICEF, access in Pakistan to an improved water source increased from 83% in 1990 to 91% in 2004. In the same time, improved sanitation coverage increased from 37% to 59% (see table 1).^[1]

Table 1: Access to Water and Sanitation in Pakistan (2004)[1]
		Urban (34% of the population)	Rural (66% of the population)	Total
Water	Broad definition	96%	89%	91%
	House connections	49%	15%	27%
Sanitation	Broad definition	92%	41%	59%
	Sewerage	40%	6%	18%

Given these figures, the MDGs concerning water and sanitation, which give the target of halving the share of people without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015, compared to 1990 are very likely to be reached. The United Nations Development Programme assumes that concerning urban and rural water supply as well as urban sanitation, the targets will be achieved prematurely, whereas rural sanitation progress is classified to be "on track".^[13] However, the Government of Pakistan relies on other figures. According to the federal government, in 2005 66% of the total population had access to an improved water source, defined as pipe and hand pump water.^[14]

According to the National Drinking Water Policy (NDWP), Pakistan's goal is to provide universal access to drinking water in an equitable, efficient and sustainable manner by 2020.^[15] At the same time, the National Sanitation Policy aims to meet the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) concerning sanitation by 2015 and to serve the total population with improved sanitation by 2025.^[16]

[edit] Service quality

Water supply service quality is often inappropriate in Pakistan. One document criticizes the MDG's methodology of only taking into account coverage figures, without attention to adequate service quality, which may not be given in all cases.^[9]

[edit] Continuity of supply

Intermittent water supply is common urban areas. For Pakistani cities, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) indicates continuity rates of 1 to 10 hours (Karachi), 11 to 15 hours (Rawalpindi) and 16 to 23 hours (Lahore) per day.^[4][17] During a 2005 workshop, similar figures were reported except for Rawalpindi (see Table 3)^[18]. Consequently, consumers use on-site storage mechanisms like ground or roof tanks, or they purchase water from lorry tankers or use shallow wells and rivers. Many privately operated lorry tankers are licensed by water utilities and benefit from the discontinuous water supply.^[10]

Table 2: Hours of water supply per day in major Pakistani cities[18]
Karachi	Lahore	Faisalabad	Rawalpindi	Multan	Peshawar
4	17	8	8	8	9

[edit] Drinking water quality

Generally, water pressure is low in Pakistani supply systems. Together with leaky pipes, this has led to infiltration of contaminated water. As a result of sewage and industrial waste, which leaked into drinking water through damaged pipes, major outbreaks of waterborne disease epidemics swept the cities of Faisalabad, Karachi, Lahore and Peshawar in 2006.^[10] Estimates indicate that each year, more than three million Pakistanis become infected with waterborne diseases.^[19]

In several areas, increased arsenic, nitrate and fluoride contamination was detected in drinking water.^[20] The National Drinking Water Policy calls for safe water supply to the entire population by 2020.^[21] The situation may improve due to the Clean Drinking Water for All Programme (see below).^[22]

[edit] Wastewater treatment

The Pakistani Ministry of Water and Power reported in 2002 that only 1% of the domestic and industrial wastewater receives treatment.^[23] According to the Pakistan Water Situational Analysis, there are three wastewater treatment plants in Islamabad, of which only one is functional. Karachi has two trickling filters, where effluents generally receive screening and sedimentation. Lahore has some screening and grit removal systems, but they are hardly functional. In Faisalabad, there is a wastewater treatment plant, in which wastewater receives primary treatment. In rural areas, wastewater treatment is nonexistent, leading to pollution of surface and groundwater.^[24]

[edit] Water resources

According to the United Nations' World Water Development Report, the total actual renewable water resources decreased from 2,961 m³ per capita in 2000 to 1,420 m³ per capita in 2005. ^[25] A more recent study indicates an available supply of water of little more than 1,000 m³ per person, which puts Pakistan in the category of a high stress country. Using data from the Pakistani federal government's Planning and Development Division, the overall water availability has decreased from 1,299 m³ per capita in 1996-97 to 1,101 m³ per capita in 2004-05.^[26] In view of growing population, urbanization and increased industrialization, the situation is likely to get worse.^[27] Nevertheless, excessive mining of groundwater goes on. Despite a lowering water table, the annual growth rate of electric tubewells has been indicated to 6.7% and for diesel tubewells to about 7.4%.^[28] In addition, increasing pollution and saltwater intrusion threaten the country's water resources. About 36% of the groundwater is classified as highly saline.^[29]

In urban areas, most water is supplied from groundwater except for the cities of Karachi, Hyderabad and a part of Islamabad, where mainly surface water is used. In most rural areas, groundwater is used. In rural areas with saline groundwater, irrigation canals serve as the main source of domestic water.^[30]

[edit] Water use

Out of the 169,384 billion m³ of water which were withdrawn in 2000, 96% were used for agricultural purposes, leaving 2% for domestic and another 2% for industrial use.^[31] By far most water is used for irrigated agriculture, emphasizing the particular significance of agriculture in the country. The sector contributes about 25% of the Pakistan's GNP (2000-2001).^[32] The country still has the world's largest contiguous irrigation system.^[33] In 1999-2000, the total irrigated area in Pakistan was 181.000 km².^[34]

Water is also essential for power generation in Pakistan, since about 29% is generated through hydropower.^[35]

[edit] History and recent developments

[edit] History

After Pakistan's independence in 1947, national water policies were defined in the government's five-year plans, which were replaced by a ten-year plan in 2001. Given the economic impact of the agricultural sector in the country, the plans were mainly focused on irrigation instead of rural and urban water supply. In the particular cases, the first and second five-year plans emphasized the increasing application of water for increasing productivity and control of waterlogging and salinity, which together with water conservation continued to be an element of the third and fourth five-year plans. The fifth, sixth and seventh plans dealt with water management, the reduction of water losses and increased user participation in the improvement of watercourses.^[36] The eighth and last plan provided for the formation of farmer organizations and decentralization of water management through Area Water Boards.^[37] However, the plans have not always been implemented accordingly.^[38]

The existing water supply and sanitation facilities are mostly the product of a top-down approach, usually constructed by the Public Health Engineering Departments (PHEDs) and in many cases expensive and difficult to maintain for local communities. Hygiene education and user participation were neglected until 1992, when the federal government launched the Social Action Plan, which suggested various policy reforms concerning water supply and sanitation. This included user participation, hygiene promotion and low-cost technologies.^[39]

[edit] Recent developments

Until the 21st century, Pakistani water sector policies were mainly focused on water resources and irrigation.^[40] This has changed with the National Drinking Water Policy (NDWP), the National Sanitation Policy (NSP) and the Clean Drinking Water for All Programme, which were prepared by the Ministry of Environment as integral parts of the Medium Term Development Framework (MTDF) 2005-2010.^[41] The MTDF provides about US$2 billion (120 billion rupee) for water and sanitation schemes.^[7][6] In addition, a Safe Drinking Water Act will be adopted under the MTDF to ensure compliance with the Pakistan Drinking Water Quality Standards.^[42] A major shift of sector responsibility took place under the 2001 Local Government Ordinance.^[43]

[edit] Local Government Ordinance

See also: Subdivisions of Pakistan

Under the 2001 Local Government Ordinance (LGO), three tiers of local governments have been created, namely District, Tehsil and Union Councils. The responsibility for water supply and sanitation has been devolved from the PHEDs to Tehsil Municipal Administrations, the second-lowest tier of local government in Pakistan. However it should be noted that at least in 2004, the decentralization was not yet implemented in all areas.^[41][44] According to a 2003 document, the PHED remains fully functional in the Balochistan Province and in the Punjab Province, local government powers were recentralized.^[43]

[edit] National Drinking Water Policy (NDWP)

The NDWP provides for an equitable provision of safe drinking water to the entire Pakistani population by 2020, including the poor and vulnerable at an affordable cost. The federal state is made responsible for ensuring the provision. The policy includes the reduction of mortality and morbidity caused by waterborne diseases. Under the NDWP, the right to water for drinking precedes all other purposes, like industrial or agricultural water use. Women are recognized as main actors of domestic water supply, and their active participation in the sector is ensured by the NDWP. In accordance with the LGO, the document highlights the responsibility of local governments to provide drinking water.

The guidelines of the NDWP include among others an increased access through the construction and rehabilitation of drinking water systems, water treatment as an integral part of water supply systems in order to improve drinking water quality, increased user participation and private sector participation and the promotion of a sector-wide approach for the water and sanitation sector. The policy will be reviewed and updated every five years to examine its implementation and efficacy and to adapt it to the changing situation in the country.^[45]

[edit] National Sanitation Policy (NSP)

The NSP, approved by the federal government in 2006,^[46] is focused on the safe disposal of excreta through the use of latrines, the creation of an open defecation free environment, safe disposal of liquid and solid waste and the promotion of health and hygiene practices. In order to support the implementation of the guidelines, effective institutional and financial frameworks are envisaged. Sanitation programs are linked with environment, housing, water and regional planning policies and programs. Furthermore, the federal government provides incentives for the implementation of the NSP in the form of rewards for open defecation-free tehsils/towns, 100% sanitation coverage tehsils/towns, the cleanest tehsils/towns and the cleanest industrial estates or clusters.

The roles and responsibilities of all stakeholders are accepted and coordinated. This includes government institutions, the private sector, non-governmental organizations (NGOs), Community-Based Organizations (CBOs), communities, individual households and the electronic and print media. The policy officially promotes the grassroots concept of community-led total sanitation (CLTS) in smaller communities with less than 1,000 inhabitants. In larger communities, the NSP provides for the component sharing model, under which sewage and wastewater treatment facilities are provided by the communities in the case that local government developed disposal is not available.^[47]

[edit] Clean Drinking Water for All Programme

The Clean Drinking Water for All Programme together with the Clean Drinking Water Initiative aim to improve the quality of drinking water. Under both, water treatment facilities are to be constructed. The US$2 million Clean Drinking Water Initiative provides for the construction of 121 water purification plants of 2,000 gallons per day in all Pakistani districts, whereas under the US$168 million Clean Drinking Water for All Programme, the establishment of 6,035 purification plants with capacities of 500, 1,000 and 2,000 gallons per day is planned.^[7][48]

[edit] Responsibility for water supply and sanitation

[edit] Policy and regulation

The responsibility for water and sanitation policy at the national level is vested in the Water and Power Development Authority under the Ministry of Power and Water, while the Ministry of Health sets water quality standards and is expected to monitor drinking water quality in the country. There is no independent regulatory agency in the sector.^[32]

[edit] Service provision

Since the 2001 Local Government Ordinance, water supply and sanitation services are expected to be delivered by the newly created Tehsil/Town Municipal Administrations (TMAs). However, constant challenges in the transition period were reported.^[39] In urban areas, local governments have formed public sector water boards or Water and Sanitation Agencies (WASAs).^[49] In Karachi, the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB) under the local government provides the services.^[50]

There is little participation of private companies. However, there have been a few service contracts with the private sector. This can partly be explained by low cost recovery in the sector.^[51] NGOs are particularly active in sanitation, and have reached some notable achievements.^[52]

Under the National Drinking Water and Sanitation Policies, the participation of the private sector as well as NGOs is encouraged.^[53][54]

[edit] The Orangi Pilot Project

Main article: Orangi Pilot Project

Orangi is a large informal low-income settlement located in Karachi and place of a user participation success story. The Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) was initiated by an NGO under Dr. Akhtar Hameed Khan in 1980 in order to improve the poor sanitation conditions through a low-cost sanitation program with active user participation. A main feature of the project is the component sharing model. The first component is responsibility of the communities, which receive technical assistance. The community develops and constructs primary household sanitary latrines, underground sewers and neighborhood collector sewers. Those are connected to main sewers and treatment plants, which form the second component and are constructed with public funds. The OPP was very successful and about 100,000 households have developed their own sanitation systems in Orangi. The project was replicated by NGOs and CBOs in other Pakistani cities.^[12][55] The component sharing model is encouraged under the 2006 National Sanitation Policy.^[56]

[edit] Economic efficiency

There is little evidence concerning economic efficiency in the Pakistani water supply and sanitation sector. However, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) prepared a document, which includes the respective data for the cities of Rawalpindi, Karachi and Lahore.^[4] Furthermore, data from six major cities were reported during a 2005 workshop in Karachi.^[18]

[edit] Non-revenue water

The share of non-revenue water (NRW), water which is produced but not billed due to several reasons like leakage and illegal connections is estimated at 35% in urban areas.^[57] The ADB reported an amount of 30% NRW in Rawalpindi and Karachi, and 42% in Lahore.^[17] As indicated in table 3, officials from major Pakistani cities reported a higher share of NRW during a 2005 workshop, ranging from 40% to 50%.^[18] There is no agreement on appropriate levels of NRW among professionals. However, Tynan and Kingdom propose a best practice target of 23% in developing countries.^[58]

[edit] Labor productivity

There are no updated and precise figures for labor productivity, measured in employees per 1,000 connections. However, the Ministry of Power and Environment indicated a poor performance in the country's major cities.^[59] The ADB found an average of 5.6 employees per 1,000 connections in Karachi. In Lahore and Rawalpindi, labor productivity is indicated lower at 9.5 and 12.7 employees per 1,000 connections, respectively.^[17] At the 2005 workshop, between 6 and 27 employees per 1,000 connections in major cities were reported (see table 3).^[60] Tynan and Kingdom propose a best practice target of 5 employees per 1,000 connections in developing countries. However it should be mentioned that equally to NRW, this target is a suggestion of the authors, which is not established as official best practice target among professionals.^[58]

Table 3: Indicators of economic efficiency in major Pakistani cities[18]
	Karachi	Lahore	Faisalabad	Rawalpindi	Multan	Peshawar
NRW	45%	40%	40%	45%	40%	50%
Staff per 1,000 connections	6	12	10	11	27	14

[edit] Financial aspects

[edit] Tariffs and cost recovery

Low tariffs, together with poor collecion efficiency and overstaffing cause that many urban utilites do not cover the costs for operation and maintenance (O&M). The ADB found typical domestic tariffs of US$0.13 per m³ in Karachi and US$0.25 in Lahore (fixed charges excluded).^[4][5] The Ministry of Power and Water reported in 2002 that in smaller cities and towns part of the O&M costs had been financed with local taxes until recently.^[61] The National Drinking Water Policy calls for appropriate user charges, increased cost recovery and cross subsidies. Tariffs are supposed to become differentiated according to the income situation of the respective city and town areas.^[62]

[edit] Investment and financing

The sector strongly depends on internal and external financing. The Ministry of Power and Water reported in 2002 that in recent years, 49% of the total new investments in the water sector had been financed by external loans and 43% by the government.^[63] The MTDF recognizes that with 0.25% of its total GDP, Pakistan's investment in the water supply and sanitation sector is inadequate and provides for US$2 billion (120 billion rupee) or US$404 million per year for the sector from 2005 to 2010,^[7] half of which is to be paid by the federal and provincial governments, including the construction and rehabilitation of water supply schemes in urban and rural areas and wastewater treatment plants in provincial capitals. The other half is expected to be provided by the private sector and includes water supply systems, sewerage networks and wastewater treatment as part of new housing schmemes in cities and towns.^[64]

[edit] External cooperation

The sector receives much support from development partners, among them the World Bank, the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC).

[edit] Asian Development Bank

The ADB financed the Punjab Community Water Supply and Sanitation Sector Project with US$50 million, which was active in rural villages in all districts of the Punjab province from 2003 until the end of 2007. As a result, about 2.5 million additional people in 778 districts were provided with water supply and sanitation facilities with full cost recovery. CBOs maintain and operate the schemes and charge the users. Tehsil municipal administrations were strengthened and received training under the project. In addition, communities received trainings in health and hygiene practices and the construction of latrines. The project also established a link between the beneficiary communities and micro finance institutions, which have disbursed about US$4 million to about 15,000 borrowers in 617 communities.^[65]

[edit] Japan Bank for International Cooperation

Under the Metropolitan Water Supply Project (Khanpur I), implemented between 1994 and 2000, the JBIC contributed to the improvement of water supply in the Islamabad Metropolitan Area, including Rawalpindi. The total amount disbursed was US$109 million (12,442 million Yen).^[66] Among other things, water purification facilities with a capacity of 281,000 m³ per day, water supply facilities and water storage facilities were constructed to meet the increasing demand for water supply.^[67]

[edit] World Bank

[edit] Second Karachi Water Supply

Under the second Karachi Water Supply Project, the World Bank contributed with US$92 million to increase water supply coverage and sanitation in Karachi and to improve operation, management and financial viability of the Karachi Water and Sewerage Board (KWSB). The project started in 1993 and provided for the construction of a canal to bring water from the Indus River, pumping stations, water and wastewater treatment facilities. In low income areas, small bore sewers were to be built. The operational efficiency of KWSB was expected to improve through technical assistance by the World Bank and increased cost reduction measures, e.g. reduction of water losses.^[68]

[edit] Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project

The World Bank contributed with US$137 million to the Rural Water Supply & Sanitation Project, which was active from 1991 to 2000 in the self-governing Pakistani state of Azad Jammu and Kashmir. The main objectives of the project were to improve rural productivity and health and reduce poverty and deprivation. The components of the project included the construction and rehabilitation of water supply and sanitation schemes, institutional strengthening and training, latrine construction materials accompanied by health education and promotion, water resources and sanitation studies and private sector support.^[69]

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Karachi Water and Sewerage Board

[edit] External links

• Ministry of Water and Power
• Water and Power Development Authority
• Lahore Water and Sanitation Agency
• Water and Sanitation Agency Rawalpindi

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