Kenji Yanagiya

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Kenji Yanagiya
March 1919 – February 29, 2008
Place of birth Hokkaidō, Japan
Place of death Tokyo, Japan
Allegiance Imperial Japanese Navy
Years of service 1940-1945
Rank Warrant Officer
Unit Kisarazu Naval Air Force, the 6th Naval Air Group, the 204th Naval Air Group
Battles/wars World War II

Warrant Officer Kenji Yanagiya (March 1919 - February 29, 2008) was one of the Imperial Japanese Navy's Zero fighter aces who fought the Battle of Solomon Islands in October 1942 – June 1943. He is known to the postwar as the only escort fighter pilot of the Yamamoto mission, who survived the war.

He was born at Hokkaidō, Japan. He moved with his family and grew up at Tomarioru prairie in Karafuto(Sakhalin). He enlisted in the Imperial Japanese Navy (IJN) at January 10th, 1940 as an aircraft mechanic, then selected as a Hei-shu Hiko Yoka Renshu Sei (C-class Flight Reserve Trainee) in April 1941. This C-class "Yokaren" course was for seamen and naval non-commissioned officers already in the navy. He completed pilot training course in March 1942. He then became a Flyer / 1st Class fighter pilot of the 6th Air Group at IJN Kisarazu Air Base, Japan. He arrived Fortress Rabaul on October 7th, 1942 as a member of the 6th Air Group, which was under the command of the 26th Air Flotilla in South East Division Air Fleet (including the 11th Air Fleet). The 6th Air Group was soon renamed as the 204th Air Group on November 1st, 1942. He was one of the escort fighter pilots of the Yamamoto mission on April 18, 1943. He was injured and lost his right hand on a subsequent mission to Russell Islands, near Guadalcanal, in June 1943. He returned to homeland Japan in June 1943.

Contents

[edit] Yanagiya’s Reminiscences about April 18, 1943

"Fall in!" "At ease!"

"We had the outline of our escort mission in the briefing from Lieutenant (JG) Morisaki, 24 years old Midway Sōryū veteran, at East airfield (Lakunai airfield). Both the Admiral's (Imperial Japanese Navy Grand Fleet Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto's) aircraft and the Chief of staff's (IJN Grand Fleet Chief of staff Matome Ugaki's) aircraft were to take off from West airfield."

The escort mission members list, the 204th A.G., April 18,1942
Shotai Leader Wingman Wingman
1st Shotai Lt(JG). T.Morisaki PO 1/C T.Tsujinoue F 1/C S.Sugita
2nd Shotai CPO Y.Hidaka PO 2/C Y.Okazaki F 1/C K.Yanagiya

In the wartime of Rabaul, there was East airfield (Lakunai airfield) by the seashore on the east side of Simpson Harbor , and West airfield (Vunakanau airfield) on the west side high hilltop of the Harbor. East airfield was for fighter units, while West airfield was for twin-engine land-based attacker units, single-engine carrier-based dive-bomber units and torpedo-attacker units.

"0600 hours Japan Standard Time (JST), we six Zero fighters took off East airfield and were waiting at the pre-briefed rendezvous point over Simpson Harbor. Those two Type 1 land-based attackers (Rikko) were taking off West airfield and coming up to us. Two Type 1 land-based attackers flew at altitude 2,500 m (8,200 ft), we six escort fighters flew at altitude 3,000 m (about 10,000 feet), which was plus 500 m higher to cover them, to intercept Allied fighters."

"These two Type 1 land-based attackers flew in echelon, and six Zero fighters flew on their starboard side aft high in two vics formations. I've heard that the Imperial Japanese Navy official action report of the day reported we Zero fighters escorted in both starboard side and port side aft of those two attackers to escort, but the fact is that we were escorting them on their 4 o'clock high. It was a fine weather day, no squalls nor cumulus clouds, comfortable for flying. We kept looking around the south air over the sea. We could see underneath transport ships with escort destroyers steaming on a blue water several times."

"After a while, we could see Bougainville Island on ahead of us. We followed to those land-based attackers within certain distance. Before long two Type 1 land-based attackers flew over the Bougainville Island and we escort fighters followed. On ahead of us, we could saw IJN Buin air base, which was at the southeast end of Bougainville Island. The base looked like a brown colored small box of matches in the green sea of jungle to me. Buin base was known as a dusty airfield and always looked dry soil colored. I heard later some ground member muttered at Buin base that base members had sprayed water to the airstrip in the morning and had been waiting for GF Admiral's arrival. I thought then that was why it looked dark colored."

They were flying on schedule to land at IJN Ballale Island airstrip on 0745 hours JST.[1]

"Some 10 minutes passed and it was time when we would start approaching to the airstrip. Then we found many airborne aircraft in the direction over Shortland Island, south of Buin base. At altitude about 1,500 m (5,000 ft), they were groups of P-38s. Their fuselages and wings were painted in green, they positioned in lower altitude, helped them camouflaged. It was obvious that we were late to find them. P-38s dropped their extra fuel tanks and were already zooming up to engage our two land-base attackers."

"Lieutenant (JG) Morisaki, dipping his wings to signal, dived to cover the GF Admiral's land-based attacker, we wingmen all accelerated and swooped into the group of P-38s approaching our attackers. We repelled the first group of P-38s, while another P-38s engaging aft the land-based attackers. They P-38s avoided to engage us, focused their targets just on our two land-based attackers. There were only 6 fighters for us to defend that we could not cover our two attackers from them all. They were too many. I've heard that there were sixteen P-38s that day. When I recovered and turned back, I saw one land-based attacker going down in my port side with smoke and another land-based attacker going down in my starboard side on the sea. And the more, I watched the land-based attacker crash landing and disappeared in a jungle, with a little fire and smoke coming up. I also watched another land-based attacker water landing on the sea with splash. I was afraid that an extremely serious incident happened. I rushed to Buin base, shot burst over the base to alart an emergency. Two fighters were scrambling and coming up to us but all enemies were already evading in high speed."

Fighter pilots at IJN Buin Air Base hadn't been informed anything about the visit of GF Admiral Yamamoto except high ranking officials, some IJNAF veterans noticed that it was a very unusual morning because Allied P-38s came close to and run away from Buin Base in high-speed 'again and again' at 0525, 0620 and 0700 hours JST [2].

"I felt full of regret, I swore the revenge to them immediately, flew to south east alone. Imperial Japanese Navy's Zero fighter had very long range of 1,929 mi (1,675 nm, 3,105 km) with external tank to fly over the sea. I knew certainly that their home base were Guadalcanal, I expected the returning P-38s might fly in cruising speed at low altitude to save gas. I got my chance, I soon caught one P-38 flew on the way back in low speed at altitude 3,500 m (12,000 ft) over Kolombangara island. He didn't notice me. I climbed up my Zero plus 1,000 m (3,300 ft) higher over him and swooped down to give exact bursts. My shells and rounds all hit that P-38, which went down to the sea with his fuel trailing in heavy white smoke. I claimed a P-38 shot down because he was seriously damaged and couldn't come back to his base. I turned my Zero back and landed at Buin base. PO 2/C Yasushi Okazaki had engine troubled and had landed at Ballale Island airstrip, neighboring Buin base. I've heard that the US official record confirmed that two Japanese Zeros were shot down that day, but it is not the fact. Okazaki fixed his Zero's engine trouble there and returned to Rabaul the next day."

F 1/C Yanagiya got off his Zero and lined to his colleagues. Buin air base was in serious. The base members asked him what the last situations were. He couldn't help answering ambiguously.

Soon came an officer and noted to him, "This incident would influence to all Navy operations. Keep it the top secret."

The airborne leader of the day, Lieutenant (JG) Takeshi Morisaki would keep reporting to the cadre at Buin base, didn't come out from the commanding post. Buin's airstrip, known as a dusty airfield, was so clear and still that day that made Buin base pathetic. Yanagiya saw several aircraft flew and kept searching over the jungle and the sea.

Soon back was Lieutenant (JG) Morisaki with his face pale. He said disappointedly, "Let's come back to Rabaul." Then Yanagiya and his colleagues all flew back with their Zeros. Five escort fighters took off the airstrip and regrouped over Buin airbase. It was about noon. They took the direction in northwest and headed for Rabaul. The weather was fine and the sky was blue. They arrived Rabaul at 1350 JST. Leader of the squadron, Lieutenant Zenjiro Miyano were waiting them sadly. Lt Miyano had offered the escort mission not with six but with twenty Zero fighters from his unit, but his offering had been rejected by Lieutenant Commander Ryoji Nomura, South East Division Fleet Air Commander Staff of Rabaul, on the day before [3]. Lt Miyano led Lt (JG) Morisaki into the 204th Air Group commanding post at East airfield. The 204th Air Group commander Captain Ushie Sugimoto waited for them. Yanagiya lined with his colleagues outside of the commanding post and waiting. The debriefing took long time while they four pilots kept standing outside under the tropical hot sunshine. They were called into the commanding post after Lt (JG) Morisaki's reporting was over.

The 204th Air Group Commander, Captain Sugimoto told them strictly, "This incident was very sorry. It would influence to the Japan's future. You must not speak of it."

When those escort fighter pilots returned to the ready room, their friends asked what had happened, because they escort fighters came back without those two Type 1 land-base attackers. Since their friends all watched them lined so long time outside the commanding post, then told something from their commander Captain Sugimoto. So questioned what had happened to the GF Admiral's aircraft, the GF Chief of staff's aircraft, and the Okazaki's Zero. Yanagiya answered, "A light accident happened and Admiral's aircraft and Chief of staff's aircraft made emergency landings. They were not so seriously troubled."

The unit members were all in silence. His friends then realized what had happened. It was fine all that day. Those aircraft had been well maintained. Skilled aviators had flown them. There should be something more serious happened than a light accident.

[edit] The Six Escort Fighter Pilots after the Incident

Yanagiya and his fellow pilots were not accused nor criticized. Yanagiya was promoted to Petty Officer 2nd Class on May 1st as scheduled previously. The 204th Air Group commander and his staff officers knew that it was hard to save two Type 1 Land based attackers spotless from 16 Allied fighters engaging with only 6 escort fighters. They six pilots, however, thought themselves responsible for that incident so seriously, charged themselves to shoot down as many Allied airplanes as possible.

On June 7th, 1943, the 204th Air Group at Buin base planned to operate bombing Allied Russell Islands airfield with 81 fighters. Twelve Zeros, armed firebombs beneath each wing, in 3 sets of “Lotte” formations approached at altitude 8000 m, while other Zero groups escorted. The reinforced 50 Allied fighters adopt new formation tactics with 10 fighters in 1 group, each. There arouse furious battle between Zeros and the 50 Allied fighters. Over the airfield, Yanagiya's group dived from 8,000 m (26,000 ft) to 6,000 m (20,000 ft), released their firebombs beneath each wing then pulled up.

Yanagiya was caught his tail position by two F4Fs and got bursts. He found his right hand had been shot off and lost with the top of the stick, his little finger left on his wrist. He got his right leg shot too, and was bleeding. He held the stick with his left hand, controlled and flew back his Zero to IJN Munda airstrip at New Georgia Island. While flying, soon his right leather boot being filled with his blood, he was almost fainting with losing his blood, kept shouting in a loud voice to awake him in the cockpit. He couldn't operate levers on the starboard side of the cockpit to unload flaps or landing gears; he made slide landing into the airstrip safely. Imperial Japanese Marine soldiers took him out from the cockpit and a doctor operated immediately and cut his remained right hand off from the wrist.

Chief Petty Officer Yoshimi Hidaka, Petty Officer 1st Class Yasushi Okazaki, both died in the action. Petty Officer 2nd Class Kameji Yamane was missing in the action. Petty Officer 2nd Class Kenji Yanagiya lost his right hand and hospitalized. These four pilots all flew Zero fighters armed heavy bombs beneath each wing on the mission that day. They couldn't fight with all their strength. The Zeros of the 204th Air Group claimed 13 Allied aircraft shot down that day.

On June 16th, a Japanese scout aircraft found big group of Allied transports off shore Lunga point, Guadalcanal. The 204th Air Group at Buin base all attacked in full power. The 204th Air Group fighter squadron leader Lieutenant Zenjiro Miyano died in the action. Lieutenant (JG) Morisaki died in the action.

On July 1st, the remained 204th Air Group stroke the Allied anchorage at Rendova Island. Chief Petty Officer Toyomitsu Tsujinoue was on the duty to escort dive-bombers and missing in the action.

Young Flyer 1st Class Shoichi Sugita, kept fighting wildly and survived the Battle of Solomon Islands, 1943, but he was killed in action at his age of 20 in April 1945. In August 1943, he was shot down in flames and bailed out. He was seriously injured and returned homeland Japan alive. In March 1944, Petty Officer 2nd Class Sugita came back as a member of the 263rd Air Group at Guam Island. But the units were seriously damaged by the three days of sorties in June, the 263rd Air Group members were merged with the 201st Air Group (2nd generation) in Philippine, which was reorganized as the first Kamikaze Corps by the 1st Air Fleet (2nd generation) Commander in Chief, Vice Admiral Takijiro Onishi. Many younger aviators had been ordered the Kamikaze sorties daily, Sugita finally threatened his commander of the 201st Air Group, Captain Sakae Yamamoto with his gun to get the order of Kamikaze sortie for him first. He was ordered to come back Japan, again. In January 1945, Petty Officer 1st Class Sugita joined the 301th fighting squadron of the 343rd Air Group. He was finally shot down and killed in action while he flew in Shidenkai (Allied codename George) taking off Kanoya airfield, Kyusyu, Japan in April 1945.

Five out of six fighter pilots died and one injured.

Captain Ushie Sugimoto died in action on June 12, 1945 in Philippine. Sugimoto was the commander in chief at the 26th Air Flotilla, then. He stayed with his ground members and mechanics of the air units to fight as infantry left without support. His flock was reportedly holding a position somewhere in the Mount Pinatubo, Philippine, while all chief officers and most commissioned officers of the 1st Air Fleet's air units had already withdrawn to Taiwan. The 26th Air Flotilla was under the command of the 1st Air Fleet, but the units lost all aircraft in the order of Kamikaze sorties by January 1945.

Back on October 25 1944, Vice Admiral Onishi had called all commanders of his Air Flotillas to a mid-night meeting, at IJN Clark Air Base in Philippine. The Commander in Chief of the 1st Air Fleet, Vice Admiral Onishi, had conferred with his high ranking officials for ideas on how to repel the Allied forces from Philippine with tangible way, but there had been few ideas. Onishi had then decided to expand his operation plan "Kamikaze" to all his air units, and had warned them if there were any officers who opposed "Kamikaze" attacks should be executed.[4]

The Japanese were prohibited the surrender by their Military code. Few survivors testified that Captain Sugimoto died from starvation, and his last words were, "Eat my flesh and blood, you must survive."

Yanagiya survived the war alive. He thought the result of the Yamamoto mission was his shame, not the thing to be proud of. He kept silent until a non-fiction writer, Akira Yoshimura could touch his heart and interviewed 30 years later in mid-1970s.

Yanagiya passed away on Feb. 29, 2008, at his age of 88.

[edit] His record

He was credited 8 vicories. In addition, he was credited shared 18 victories, where fighter pilots were fully credited for 'shared' victories (i.e., if pilots shot down one aircraft, all pilots were credited a victory as 'shared') in IJN Air Force, which based on the world tradisional and othodox standard the Royal Navy, the Royal Air Force (RAF) and the Armée de l'Air (ALA) adopted since World War 1 till World War 2.[5] [6] [7] His flight hours were about 500 hours in June 1943.

A part of Yanagiya's flight log in April 1943, from his war-time flight log notebook page[8]
Date ID code of his Zero Fighter Flight hours Count Sub-total Mission
Apr.3 (Sat.) T2-187 1:30 1 1:00 Unit formation training
Apr.7 (Wed.) T2-129 6:00 2 (Operation X) 7:30 Attack Lunga point, Guadalcanal
Apr.7 (Wed.) T2-129 1:00 3 8:30 ****
Apr.8 (Thur.) T2-117 1:00 4 9:30 ****
Apr.9 (Fri.) T2-169 2:00 5 & 6 11:30 Test flights in high-altitude capability
Apr.11(Sun.) T2-165 1:00 7 12:30 Unit formation training
Apr.12(Mon.) T2-169 6:00 8 (Operation Y) 18:30 Attack Port Moresby, escorting Rikko unit
Apr.14(Wed.) T2-169 5:30 9 (Operation Y1) 24:00 Attack Rabi(Milne Bay airfield, New Guinea), escorting Rikko unit
Apr.18(Sun.) T2-169 2:15 10 26:15 Escorting Rikkos (Adm. Yamamoto)
Apr.18(Sun.) T2-169 1:45 11 28:00 Buin -> Rabaul
His missions monthly sub-total and total flight hours at the end of April 1943
Count Flight hours
Monthly sub-total 27 65hrs 00mins
Total 493 429hrs 40mins

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ p295, Ugaki, Hiromitsu
  2. ^ p.215 - p.220, LTJG Tsunoda, Kazuo
  3. ^ p.426, Koudachi, Naoki
  4. ^ p215 - p.230, Chapter 4 "Every Corner", Tokko (Kamikaze), Onda, Shigetaka
  5. ^ p.8, C. Shores, Above the trenches
  6. ^ p.6, N. L.R. Franks, Above the Lines
  7. ^ p.87 - p.89 A. Thomas, Royal Navy Aces of World War 2
  8. ^ p.24-p.25, Nishizawa, Naoaki

[edit] References

[edit] Books

  • Yoshimura, Akira (March, 1976). "Kaigun Kō Jiken (Navy kō incident)", Monthly Magazine Bungei Shunju, the 135th issue. Tokyo, Japan: Bungei Shunju.  - text in Japanese.
  • Yoshimura, Akira (June, 2007). "Kaigun Kō Jiken (Navy Kō incident, reprinted version)", Kaigun Otsu Jiken, Bunshun Bunko series, (paper backs). Tokyo, Japan: Bungei Shunju. ISBN 978-4-16-716945-9.  - text in Japanese, few images.
  • Ugaki, Hiromitsu (November 1, 1952). "Yamamoto Gensui no Senshi (The death in action of Admiral Yamamoto), p.291 - p.299", Sen So Roku (The Wartime Diary of Matome Ugaki), First Volume. Tokyo, Japan: Nippon Shuppan Kyodo.  - text in Japanese, few images.
  • Koudachi, Naoki (Dec.4, 2006). "Chapter 9, Kumo ni shimiru Sikabane, Yamamoto Chokan no Zensen Sisatsu (The Death in the Air, The Admiral Yamamoto's Inspection on the Frontline)", Zerosen Taicho, 204 Ku Hiko Taicho Miyano Zenjiro no Shogai (Zero Fighter 204 A.G. Squadron Leader, Zenjiro Miyano). Tokyo, Japan: Kojin Sha. ISBN 4-7698-1326-0.  - text in Japanese, a few images.
  • National Institute for Defense Studies(NIDS) War History Section (Nov. 1970 - March 1976). "Daihonei Kaigun Bu, Rengo Kantai No.1 - No.7", Senshi Sousho. Tokyo, Japan: Asagumo Newspaper. ISBN.  - text in Japanese.
  • Nishizawa, Naoaki (Apr. 2, 2002). "Tragedy of April 18 1943", Jitsuroku Nichibei Dai-kokusen(Document report of the Great Air Cobat between Japan vs. U.S.). Tokyo, Japan: Tachikaze shobo. ISBN 4-651-00950.  - text in Japanese, with images.
  • Onda, Shigetaka (Nov. 25, 1988). "Chapter 4 Every Corner, p.215 - p.230", Tokko (Kamikaze). Tokyo, Japan: Kodan Sha. ISBN 4-06-204181-2.  - text in Japanese, no images.
  • The 204th Air Group Fighter Pilots Association (March 10 1987). "Meian wo waketa 4.18 (The April 18th), p.177 - p.199", Rabaul Kuhsen Ki (The Battle of the Air Rabaul), air combat series, (paper backs). Tokyo, Japan: Asahi Sonorama. ISBN 4-257-17082-4.  - reprinted in paper backs of the first printed in June, 1976; text in Japanese, few images.
  • Tsunoda, Kazuo (March 17, 2003). "Chapter 3, Rabaul - Shito no Tsubasa (Wings to the Death, P-38 and the Admiral Yamamoto)", Shura no Tsubasa (The Bloody Gardian Angel, Asura's Wings). Tokyo: Kohjin-sha. ISBN 4-7698-1041-5.  - reprinted version, text in Japanese, a few images.
  • Norman L. R., Franks; Bailey, Frank W. (May 1992). Over the Front: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the United States and French Air Services, 1914-1918. London, Great Britain: Grub Street the Basement. ISBN -13: 978-0948817540. 
  • Sakaida, Henry (1998). "NEW GUINIA, RABAUL AND THE SOLOMONS, Warrant Officer Kenji Yanagiya p.44 - p.45", Imperial Japanese Navy Aces 1937-45. London, Great Britain: Ospray. ISBN 1-85532-727-9. 
  • Shores, Christopher; Franks, Norman; Guest, Russell (Jan. 1991). Above the Trenches: A Complete Record of the Fighter Aces and Units of the British Empire Air Forces, 1915-1920. London, Great Britain: Grub Street the Basement. ISBN -13: 978-0948817199. 
  • Stanaway, John (1997). "THE YAMAMOTO MISSION, p.14 - p.17", P-38 Lightning Aces of the Pacific and CBI. London, Great Britain: Ospray. ISBN 1-85532-633-7. 
  • Tagaya, Osamu (1988). "RECRUITMENT AND TRAINING, P.10, P.12", Warrior 55, Imperial Japanese Naval Aviator 1937-45. United Kingdom: Ospray. ISBN 1-84176-385-3. 
  • Thomas, Andrew (March 27, 2007). "APPENDICES, Royal Navy Aces", Royal Navy Aces of World War 2. United Kingdom: Ospray. ISBN -13: 978-1846031786. 

[edit] External links