Kalto language

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This article is about a language isolate spoken in central India, known as Kalto or Nihali. For the unrelated Indo-Aryan language, see Nahali language.

Kalto (also known as Nihali or Nahali) is a language isolate spoken in west-central India (in Madhya Pradesh and Maharashtra) by around 5,000 people. The language has many loans from Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, and Munda languages, but much of its vocabulary cannot be related to other language families.

Kuiper (1962) conjectured that it is unrelated to any other Indian language but, even if that is so, its vocabulary has over the millennia been heavily influenced, in turn by Munda, Dravidian and latterly, Indo-European Marathi. In Victorian times the Kalto (then known disparagingly as "Nahals" or "Nihals") were among the most notorious of the wild jungle tribes that lived by plunder. Just after 1800 an Arab princeling of the Moghul empire led a punitive expedition against them that destroyed their tribal independence.^{[citation needed]} Their tribal area is just south of the Tapti River, around the village of Tembi in Nimar district of Central Provinces during British Raj, now in Madhya Pradesh.^{[citation needed]}

Kalto is possibly related to another near-extinct remnant of the Indian linguistic sub-stratum, namely Kusunda, spoken in central Nepal. Further hypotheses involve possible connections to the Andamanese languages and the controversial Indo-Pacific phylum. In addition, some scholars, including Michael Witzel of Harvard, have suggested, quoting Shafer and Kuiper, a possible relationship to Ainu.