User:Joshuajohanson/ReparativeTherapy

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Reparative Therapy Ex-gay groups, list [1]

Contents

[edit] Ex-gay groups

Initial empirical and clinical findings concerning the change process for ex-gays[3][2]

  • Ex-gay [4]
  • Dif between ex-gays and conservative Christians[5]
  • "findings demonstrate considerable fluidity in bisexual, unlabeled, and lesbian women's attractions, behaviors, and identities."[6][7][8]

[edit] Misc

  • Discrimination against - passing out flyers [9]
  • Mormon experience - direct isn't good, debate is bad[10]
  • more on that plus other similar reports[11]
  • nice summary of major points - [12]

[edit] Sexual Identity Therapy

Sexual Identity Therapy is a type of psychotherapy that aims to help patients line up their sexual identity with their beliefs and values.[3] Designed by Warren Throckmorton and Mark Yarhouse, it has also been endorsed by representatives on both sides of the homosexual debate.[4] Unlike other types of conversion therapies, this therapy puts the emphasis on how the client wants to live, identifies the core beliefs and helps the client live according to those beliefs.[5] The authors do not claim to help change their client's attractions, but that they "help clients pursue lives they value." They note clients "have high levels of satisfaction with this approach".[6]

Work for developing the framework began with the establishment of the Institute for the Study of Sexual Identity in 2004.[7] The announcement of the framework for Sexual Identity Therapy were first released on April 16, 2007.[8] In June 2007, the guidelines were presented at the American Psychological Association convention in San Francisco.[9] In 2008 the authors announced they were going to review the framework because of continual changes in the area of therapy for individuals experiencing same-sex attractions.[10]

[edit] Endorsements

According to The Advocate, supporters of these guidelines come from all across the political spectrum.[11] While Throckmorton and Yarhouse are both from a conservative evangelical college, gay psychologist Lee Beckstead also uses this approach with his clients,[4] and helped present the findings at the APA conference.[12] Robert L. Spitzer, who was instrumental in removing homosexuality from the DSM in 1973, endorsed the project, saying it was "a work that transcends polarized debates about whether gays can change their sexual orientation."[10] Michael Bussee, an outspoken critic of the ex-gay movement has stopped to endorse this project.[4] It has also been endorsed by several other distinguished professionals, including Nicholas Cummings, former president of the American Psychological Association.[13] To date, it is the only means of sexual orientation assessment that has found wide acceptance.[6]

[edit] Steps

Its purpose is to help patients line up their sexual identity with their beliefs and values, which in some cases means celibacy.[14] At any point during the therapy, a previous step may be revisited for further investigation or to explore a new direction in the therapy.[15]

[edit] Assessment

The first step is to determine the reasonings behind a client requesting therapy. Clinicians should find whether the motivation is internal or external, followed by an open dialog about motivations while respecting the client’'s world view. They should assist the client to clarify their values in order to determine their preferred course of action. This must be individualized.[15] Often the conflict will be between traditional values and aspects of sexual orientation,[16] and many clients will decide the religious affiliation to be the most stable aspect of their identity.[17][18][19]

[edit] Advanced informed consent

Based on the assessment, clinicians should provide the client with accurate information about the desired course of action. This is important in increased valuing of client autonomy and self-determination.[20] Clinicians should then cover other relevant topics, a process known as advanced informed consent.[21] Clinicians should let them know homosexuality is not an illness. They should let them know that there is no well-designed, controlled outcome studies of reorientation therapies or gay affirmative therapy, but that both positive and negative effects have been reported.[16] Clinicians should stay up to date on literature explaining the causes of homosexuality, but if the client asks about it, they should see how that would affect their course of action.[15] If appropriate, the clinician may suggest an alternate, such as a ministry-based approach.[22]

[edit] Psychotherapy

Sexual Identity Therapy does not give any specific modality of psychotherapy, but simply gives a framework for existing techniques. If a therapist's value position is in conflict with the client's preferred direction, a referral to a more suitable mental professional may be indicated. The goal of therapy is to help the person explore and eventually live more comfortably within a sexual identity that is consistent with personal values and beliefs. This may not be quick or complete, and the client should feel free to pursue other directions.[15] Clients may benefit from a group session with other sexual identity clients.[23]

[edit] Sexual identity synthesis

As clients synthesize a new identity, the therapist should make them aware of the consequences. Therapeutic interventions can be employed to assist clients pursue valued behavior while avoiding unvalued behavior. While the decision is the clients, clients are advised against sexual behavior until they are comfortable with their new identity. Many clients find it helpful to attend support groups and avoid social situations that do not support the new identity.[15]

[edit] References

  1. ^ http://www.freewebs.com/jason-online/
  2. ^ Throckmorton, Warren (June 2002). "Initial empirical and clinical findings concerning the change process for ex-gays". Professional Psychology: Research and Practice 33: 242-248. American Psychological Association. 
  3. ^ Frequently Asked Questions. Regent University: Institute for the Study of Sexual Identity. Retrieved on 2007-10-29.
  4. ^ a b c Simon, Stephanie. "New ground in debate on 'curing' gays", Los Angeles Times, 2007-06-18. Retrieved on 2007-10-29. 
  5. ^ Zahn, Paula. "Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture?; Trapped in the Wrong Body?", CNN, June 27, 2007. 
  6. ^ a b Kwon, Lillian. "New Paradigm Helps Gays with Conflicting Religious Values", Christian Post, Apr. 19 2007. 
  7. ^ Institute for the Study of Sexual Identity
  8. ^ News Release: Sexual Identity Therapy Framework (April 16, 2007).
  9. ^ "Programming highlights for San Francisco" (June 2007) 38. Monitor on Psychology. 
  10. ^ a b Kwon, Lillian. "Gay Therapy Framework to be Reviewed", Christian Post, Apr. 19 2007. 
  11. ^ "Christian conservatives, gay leaders work together to transform "ex-gay" therapy", The Advocate, June 20, 2007. 
  12. ^ "2007 Division 36 Convention Program" (Summer 2007) 32. Psychology of Religion Newsleter. 
  13. ^ Throckmorton, Warren. Sexual Identity Therapy Framework: Statements of endorsement. Retrieved on 2008-04-28.
  14. ^ Zahn, Paula. "Homosexuality: Nature or Nurture?", June 27, 2007. 
  15. ^ a b c d e Sexual Identity Therapy Framework
  16. ^ a b Beckstead, A.L., & Morrow, S.L. (2004). Mormon clients’ experiences of conversion therapy: The need for a new treatment approach. The Counseling Psychologist, 32, 651-690.
  17. ^ Haldeman, Douglas (2004). "When Sexual and Religious Orientation Collide:Considerations in Working with Conflicted Same-Sex Attracted Male Clients" 32. The Counseling Psychologist. 
  18. ^ Johnson, T.R. (1995). The significance of religion for aging well. American Behavioral Scientist, 39, 186-208.
  19. ^ Koenig, H.G. (1993). Religion and aging. Reviews in Clinical Gerontology, 3, 195-203.
  20. ^ Corey, G., Corey, M. S., & Callahan, P. (1993). Issues and ethics in the helping professions. (4th ed.). Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole.
  21. ^ Yarhouse, M. A. (1998). When clients seek treatment for same-sex attraction: Ethical issues in the "right to choose" debate. Psychotherapy, 35, 248-259.
  22. ^ Erzen, T. (2006). Straight to Jesus: Sexual and Christian conversion in the ex-gay movement. Berkeley: University of California Press.
  23. ^ Yarhouse, M. A., & Brooke, H. L. (2005, August). Running a sexual identity therapy group. Poster presented at the annual convention of the American Psychological

[edit] External Links

Category:Ex-gay movement]] Category:Sexual orientation and medicine]] Category:Psychotherapy]]

[edit] Other

  • Christian Post - 1st release [13]
  • Christian Post - to be reviewed (08) [14]
  • YouTube [15]
  • Actual framework [16]
  • Present at the APA's Psychology of religion [17][18]
  • Seattle Gay News [19]
  • CNN [20]
  • hmm [21]
  • advocate [22]
  • Yarhouse vita [23]

[edit] Environment

Children who experience parental divorce are less likely to marry heterosexually than those growing up in intact families; however, little is known about other childhood factors affecting marital choices. We studied childhood correlates of first marriages (heterosexual since 1970, homosexual since 1989) in a national cohort of 2 million 18-49 year-old Danes. In multivariate analyses, persons born in the capital area were significantly less likely to marry heterosexually, but more likely to marry homosexually, than their rural-born peers. Heterosexual marriage was significantly linked to having young parents, small age differences between parents, stable parental relationships, large sibships, and late birth order. For men, homosexual marriage was associated with having older mothers, divorced parents, absent fathers, and being the youngest child. For women, maternal death during adolescence and being the only or youngest child or the only girl in the family increased the likelihood of homosexual marriage. Our study provides population-based, prospective evidence that childhood family experiences are important determinants of heterosexual and homosexual marriage decisions in adulthood.[1]

We discovered that people who were raised in large cities were more likely to be homosexual than people who were raised in suburb, towns, or the countryside. This relationship also showed up in the General Social Survey, an independent national sample.[2]

Some cultures - for example, the Assyrian and Graeco-Roman - were more tolerant of homosexuality. The behavior was practiced openly and was highly prevalent. Sexual patterns are to some extent a product of society's expectations, but it would be difficult to envisage a change in the prevalence of the genetic trait merely in response to changing cultural norms.[3]

Anthropologists had observed that relatively uncompetitive primitive cultures such as those that do not distinguish or reward the best hunters in distinction to the other men in the tribe have virtually no homosexuality.[4]

[edit] References

  1. ^ Frisch, M; Hviid A. (2006 Oct). "Childhood family correlates of heterosexual and homosexual marriages: a national cohort study of two million Danes." 35: 533-47. Archives of Sexual Behavior. 
  2. ^ Laumann, Edward; Michael, Robert; Kolata, Gina (September 1, 1995). Sex in America: A Definitive Survey. Grand Central Publishing. 
  3. ^ Baron, Miron (Aug 7, 1993). "Genetic linkage and male homosexual orientation" 307: 337–338. BMJ. 
  4. ^ Hendin, Herbert (1978). Homosexuality: The Psychosocial Dimension 479-496. Journal of American Academy of Psychoanalysis.

[edit] Causes

Most scientists agree that homosexuality is caused by environmental, cognitive and biological factors and falls along a continuum. For most people, it is determined at an early age,[1] but develops throughout a person's lifetime.[2] Conversion therapists agree that there are biological influences, but put more emphasis on psychological influences.[3] There are a wide variety of theories of environmental factors, but the most prominent include some combination of a poor gender identity, rejection by same-sex peers, hurt from the opposite sex, and/or bad family dynamics. The APA has stated "there are probably many reasons for a person's sexual orientation and the reasons may be different for different people."[1]


  • Emotional needs -Good News

[edit] Male Homosexuality

[edit] Genetics

  • Disposition-Good News

[edit] Family relationships

From their research on 275 men in the Taiwanese military, Shu and Lung concluded that "the father-son relationship has a unique role in the process of becoming a male homosexual." They found that paternal protection to be the main vulnerability factors in the development of homosexual males, and they were either over-protective or non-caring.[4] Several other studies have also suggested that homosexual men are more likely to have less loving and more rejecting fathers, and closer relationships with their mothers, than homosexual men.[5] Overprotective or rejecting fathers, conversion therapists argue, don't allow the son to develop a sense of autonomy and independence. Some conversion therapists argue that even loving fathers may have been perceived as rejecting, possibly due to a difference in personality or from an unavoidable absence during the development of gender identity between 1 and 4 years of age.[6] Jeff Konrad explains "the development of our identity is dependent upon how we interpret reality, how we perceive the manner in which others treat us, and not necessarily on reality itself."[7] According to Moberly, this causes the boy to defensively detach from the father in order to protect himself. This detachment prevents him connecting to other men, which leads him to feel rejected as a man. She proposes that homosexuality results from a drive to repair that lack of connection with other men.[8]

Shu and Lung's study found maternal care to be the other main vulnerability factor in developing male homosexuality.[4] Other therapists have hypothesized that mothers of homosexual men are either close, overly protective or less loving, more demanding, and more rejecting. Dickson comments "It is reasonable to assume that either type of relationship may negatively impact the developing boy's ability to complete the necessary steps leading toward the accomplishment of the developmental tasks of individuation and separation."[9] This includes interference in 1) heterosexual development, 2) the father-son relationship, 3) peer relations, and 4) development of autonomy.[10] They may do this by discouraging masculine activities or speaking ill of the father, which may cast a negative view of masculinity for their sons.[11]

[edit] Gender Identity

Researchers have found that Childhood Gender Nonconformity to be the largest predictor of homosexuality in adulthood.[12] According to Daryl Bem's Exotic becomes Erotic theory, this causes



Likewise, there are cases where the father is completely absent, and yet the son is heterosexual

Bieber research suggests fathers absent, then Nicolosi talks of overprotective and Taiwan backs it up.

The idea that the father-son relationship plays a part in developing homosexuality is not a new one. In 1962, Irving Bieber presented his theory of a classic triad between a distant, detached father, a dominant mother and a quiet, sensitive, artistic boy, with a possible hostile relationship with an older brother.[13] Several studies have suggested that homosexual men have had less loving and more rejecting fathers, and closer relationships with their mothers, than other men.[14] However, it is well documented that not all fathers of homosexuals follow this pattern. Nicolosi proposed that a father may be loving, but was unable to emotionally connect with his father, possibly due to a difference in personality or from an unavoidable absence during the development of gender identity. Even if the relationship were later reconciled, the injury may have already caused the son to defensively detach from the father.[15] He believes that if a father and son have a normal relationship, that child will not be gay.[16] David Matheson disagrees. He states "there are certainly homosexually-identified men who had loving, nurturing fathers." While he believes the relationship to father is important, he says in some cases other factors may have played a larger role.[17]

  • Good News-Fathers should be affectionate

[edit] Opposite-sex parent

[edit] Same-sex peers

  • Good News-Defensive attachment, goal to overcome so good relationship, tells of turning erotic relationships into friendships

[edit] Opposite-sex peers

[edit] Gender identity

  • Good News-foundation of problem - "We all need gender as a fundamental support to our personal identity."

The Center for Gender Wholeness has stated that "Men in the process of change need to experience their own masculinity and find a connection with other men."[18]

[edit] Reparative Therapists

For most people, sexual orientation is determined at an early age.[1] At birth, babies does not recognize the differences between the sexes. Around one year old, they begin to recognize the world is divided between males and females, however, they are more closely attached to the mother. At age two, heterosexual males identify more closely with males (usually the father) and detach from the mother. Reparative therapists argue that for homosexual males, this process is interrupted. Elizabeth Moberly argued that homosexuality was a drive to reconnect with men, and thus repair this process. this coined the term reparative drive, which states that this At about two years old, they decide

[edit] Ref

  • Irving Bieber- classic triad - A distant, detached father,a dominant mother. A quiet, sensitive, artistic boy. . . . sometimes a hostile relationship with an older brother
  • Opposite gender study- 2 more likely points environment [25]
  • RElated studies[26]
  • Narth causes[27]
  • Boston Globe [28]
  • Fathers[29]
  • Nicolosi book excerpt [30]
  • detailed on Human Events[31]
  • interview with The Good News[32]
  • SSAD summary w/ lesbianism [33]
  • relationship w/ parents (pro journal) [34]
  • Good lesbian [35] [36] [37]
  • Maleability of orientation [38]
  • Mothers of gay males [39] [40]
  • Masculinity [41]
  • Therapy available for married men [42]
  • relationship with women [43]
  • Exotic becomes Erotic [44]
  • Summary [45]
  • Catholic Medical Association (Good summaries) [46]


  • Donnie McClurkin left homosexuality and wrote about his change in his book Eternal Victim/Eternal Victor, where he says "The abnormal use of my sexuality continued until I came to realize that I was broken and that homosexuality was not God's intention."
  • Michael Glatze was a former gay rights activist and publisher of Young Gay America YGA Magazine.[19] Glatze has since left homosexuality and was baptized into the LDS Church. He stresses that "Jesus, however, is what, ultimately, changed me."[20]
  • Joe Dallas was a gay-rights activist who says he left homosexuality.[21] Discontent with his lifestyle, Dallas sought help from a professional, Christian counselor. He started developing heterosexual attractions, and after several years, got married.[22] He now actively argues
  • Frank Worthen founded Love in Action in the USA and Bagong Pag-asa in the Philippines. He was instrumental in spreading the ex-gay movement in Australia and Brazil.[23]
  • Sy Rogers was selected as one of "50 Up & Coming Evangelical Leaders Under 40" by Christianity Today. He has served for over two decades in ministry as a pastoral care specialist regarding sexuality. He has spoken at ex-gay conferences throughout the world.[24]

[edit] Reparative Therapy

"Reparative Therapy refers to psychotherapy aimed at eliminating homosexual desires and is used by people who do not think homosexuality is one variation within human sexual orientation, but rather still believe homosexuality is a mental disorder"[1] Sometimes reparative therapy is used synonymously with conversion therapy, though technically it is only one type of conversion therapy.[25]

  • Gender Wholeness Therapy was designed by Dave Matheson.[26] The premise is that, in general, homosexuality is caused by some combination of a deficiency in one's gender identity and a failure to feel connected to same-sex peers. Homosexual desires can then be diminished by helping the patient to create fulfilling, non-sexual bonds with same-sex peers and gaining a new gender identity that is consistent with their gender.[27]

[edit] Motivations

  • APA Journal Studies Religious Motivation of Reorientation-Therapy Clients (Evergreen & Exodus) [47]
  • Conversion Therapy Revisited: Parameters And Rationale For Ethical Care [48]

[edit] A M.A.N.S Journey

A M.A.N.S Journey is a publication produced by Dave Matheson, co-director of People Can Change. It describes four principles of change which make up the basis of Journey into Manhood.[28] It was presented at the 2003 NARTH Conference on Homosexuality: Current Trends in Research and Therapy[29] and used by Evergreen International.[30] The four principles are:

  • Masculinity - This principle states that a homosexual man may not feel masculine. By changing his view on what true masculinity is, and broadening his own self-concept of masculinity, the homosexual man will feel more masculine.[31]
  • Authenticity - This principle states that there may be other underlying emotional wounds. By authentic self-analysis, participants can work at healing these underlying emotional wounds and break down some of the false fronts that we put up and start being authentic with one's feelings.[32]
  • Need Fulfillment - This principle states that much of the homosexual drive is to fulfill real emotional needs. By looking to fulfill these needs in other ways, it is hoped that the homosexual drive will diminish.[33]
  • Surrender - This principle states that in order to affect change, participants need to be willing to surrender anything, including "ideas, prejudices, defenses, old resentments, and behaviors that block change."[34]


In order to be successful, the change must be authentic. This principle teaches to look at true emotions and works to overcome

, authenticity, need fulfillment and surrender. The basic principle, is that in order to

As far as importance or significance of People Can Change, it is well noted for its experimental weekend Journey Into Manhood [49] and its publication A M.A.N.S Journey[50] created by the co-creator of the weekend, Dave Mathesen, which is used by Evergreen International[51], and was presented at the 2003 Conference on Homosexuality: Current Trends in Research and Therapy[52].

[edit] Why Change?

In July of 2006, People Can Change released s study entitled "Why Change? Survey of Men With Unwanted Same-Sex Attractions (SSA) on the Factors Motivating Their Desire to Change".[35] The study was the results from a survey of 200 members of their online group, which asked what their motivation to try to change orientation. Responses ranged from a high of 77% reporting the desire to heal emotional pain as a major factor to a low of 22% identifying outside pressure as a major factor. Other high responses were personal spirituality, desire for wife and children, religious teachings, desire for nonsexual male friendships, conscience, and expectation of unhappiness in gay life.

The survey was published by the Christian News Wire, reporting that results went against "convetional wisdom".[36] A high number of participants listed hopes for a traditional marriage, which Timothy Kincaid says goes against scientific evidence and even recent claims of many ex-gay organizations.[37] Jim Burroway criticizes the survey for having a low response rate (17%) and for matching up too closely with the doctrine of People Can Change. He surmises, that some might have been put off by the question, and the results might have been different had they answered.[38]

of "[53], which received positive coverage in the Christian NewsWire[54] and negative reviews by Ex-gay Watch[55] and Box Turtle Bulletin.[56]


Another significant contribution was its survey "Why Change? Survey of Men With Unwanted Same-Sex Attractions (SSA) on the Factors Motivating Their Desire to Change"[57], which received positive coverage in the Christian NewsWire[58] and negative reviews by Ex-gay Watch[59] and Box Turtle Bulletin.[60]

I believe I have shown enough evidence that this is a significant organization, with several outside references to the organization. Please give me time to incorporate this information into the article. , Chinese[61], Hungarian[62]


Survey[39]


[edit] Causes

Most scientists, including reparative therapists, agree that homosexuality is caused by environmental, cognitive and biological factors and, for most people, is determined at an early age, and there may be different reasons for different people.[40] Reparative therapists put more emphasis on psychological influences.[41] They believe re may be Different people may have different reasons for

The Center for Gender Wholeness has stated that "Men in the process of change need to experience their own masculinity and find a connection with other men."[42]


they misrepresent the APA's opinion. There should be mention of seems like reparative therapy is only practiced by non-professionals.

In the United States, homosexuality of any type is not considered a mental illness and major mental organizations oppose treatments that consider it as such.[43]

However, "persistent and marked distress about sexual orientation" is considered a sexual disorder[63] and the American Psychological Association has "no problems with people who help those with unwanted same-sex attractions."[64] Although they do not believe sexual orientation itself can be changed through therapy, they see it as a duty for therapists respect the patients right to self-determination and They have published strict guidelines on treatments to alter sexual orientation and have reiterated that therapists "must balance patient choice with the therapist's ethical obligation to obtain informed consent for any therapy process."[65] This includes Furthermore, they state that there is no scientific evidence for either the efficacy or harm of reparative therapies. Although they see sexual orientation as something that develops across a person's lifetime, they do not believe that it is something that can be changed by therapy. [66] This includes clarifying informing the patient on the APA's position

They do however, stipulate that doctors make sure that the patients motivation is not yada yada Something about a lot of countries agree with the US.

Of the several professional organizations that work with reparative therpy, Narth is most prominent. However, the APA has expressed concerns that something NARTH does creates an environment of prejudice and hate. More generally, medical organizations are concerned with the effect of the promotion of reparative therapy among young people. In a statement created by the Just the Facts coallition, major American medical organizations stated that they do not support the promotion of reparative therapy among young people.

Other countries hold different views. The WHO has a classification of ego dystonic sexual orientation which it defines as such: "Not in question but may seek treatment for it." According to one legal interpreter, these treatments can include... The Chinese have a similar resolution, but only include a homosexual orientation. They have also stated that treatment is okay. Other countries see all forms of homosexuality as a mental disorder and may force homosexuals into inprisonment and death.

Ex-gay organizations have spread worldwide. Reactions have varied from country to country. In the west, they think we are just vehical to get CHristian right to deny gays rights. Other countries, they have govenrment support.

Reaction from those seeking reparative therapy.[44]

People Can Change is a non-profit educational, outreach and support organization of men who have successfully transitioned out of unwanted homosexual attractions and increased their heterosexual identify, feelings and behaviors.

Mission

The mission of People Can Change is to offer other men who seek similar transformation a pathway of healing, by providing information, training, coaching and support. People Can Change also provides information to and support for family members and concerned friends of men struggling with unwanted homosexual feelings.

  • Clinton Anderson, director of the APA Lesbian, Gay and Bisexual Concerns Office, said "I don't think that anyone disagrees with the idea that people can change because we know that straight people become gays and lesbians, so it seems totally reasonable that some gay and lesbian people would become straight. The issue is not whether sexual orientation changes. We know that the issue is whether therapy changes sexual orientation, which is what many of these people claim."

[45]

Counseling and spiritual issues[46]

Integrating the two[47]

Methods:

  • Father wounds
  • Mother wounds
  • Gender Affirmation

DSM is junk.[48][49]

  1. ^ a b c d apa position
  2. ^ Just the Facts
  3. ^ http://www.narth.com/menus/positionstatements.html
  4. ^ a b Lung, F.W. (2007). "Father-son attachment and sexual partner orientation in Taiwan". Comprehensive Psychiatry 48: 20-26. 
  5. ^ Bell, Weinberg, & Parks, 1981; Bieber et al., 1962; Braatan & Darling, 1965; Brown, 1963; Evans, 1969; Jonas, 1944; Millic & Crowne, 1986; Nicolosi, 1991; Phelan, 1993; Biggio, 1973; Seutter & Rovers, 2004; Siegelman, 1974; Snortum, 1969; Socarides, 1978; West, 1959).
  6. ^ Nicolosi, Joseph. Fathers of Male Homosexuals: A Collective Clinical Profile. NARTH. Retrieved on [[2007-10-30]].
  7. ^ Konrad, J.A. (1992). You Don’t Have to Be Gay. Hilo, HI: Pacific Publishing House.
  8. ^ Moberly
  9. ^ Dickson, Ph.D., Gregory L.. An Empirical Study of the Mother/Son Dyad in Relation to the Development of Adult Male Homosexuality: An Object Relations Perspective. University Microfilms International.
  10. ^ Bieber, I., Bieber, T.B., Dain, H.J., Dince, P.R., Drellich, M.G., Grand, H.G., Gundlach, R.H., Kremer, M.W., Rifkin, A.H., & Wilbur, C.B. (1988). Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytic Study. Northvale, NJ: Jason Aronson Inc
  11. ^ Rupp, M.Div., MFT, Richard. An Open Letter To Mothers of Sons With Homosexual Attractions. NARTH.
  12. ^ J. Michael Bailey, Joseph S. Miller, Lee Willerman; Maternally Rated Childhood Gender Nonconformity in Homosexuals and Heterosexuals, Archives of Sexual Behavior, Vol. 22, 1993.
  13. ^ Homosexuality: A Psychoanalytical Study of Male Homosexuals, 1962
  14. ^ Bell, Weinberg, & Parks, 1981; Bieber et al., 1962; Braatan & Darling, 1965; Brown, 1963; Evans, 1969; Jonas, 1944; Millic & Crowne, 1986; Nicolosi, 1991; Phelan, 1993; Biggio, 1973; Seutter & Rovers, 2004; Siegelman, 1974; Snortum, 1969; Socarides, 1978; West, 1959).
  15. ^ {cite web |url=http://www.narth.com/docs/fathers.html |first=Joseph |last=Nicolosi |title=Fathers of Male Homosexuals: A Collective Clinical Profile |accessdate= 2007-10-30 |publisher=NARTH}}
  16. ^ Transcript from Anderson Cooper 360 Degrees. CNN (2007-04-05). Retrieved on 2007-08-28.
  17. ^ Matheson, David. Pathways Into Male Homosexuality. self-published. Retrieved on [[2007-10-30]].
  18. ^ http://www.genderwholeness.com/
  19. ^ John Cloud. "The Battle Over Gay Teens", Time Magazine, May 10th 2005. 
  20. ^ Kwon, Lillian. "Skepticism Over Validity of Ex-Gay Story Prompts 'Confessions'", Christian News, July 14, 2007. 
  21. ^ Johnson, Alex. "Alternative view says homosexuals can change:Approach unites and divides Christians and therapists", MSNBC. 
  22. ^ Dallas, Joe Out of Deception
  23. ^ Our History
  24. ^ http://www.syrogers.com/biography/
  25. ^ http://www.sexualidentityinstitute.org/faq.php
  26. ^ Luo, Michael. "Some Tormented by Homosexuality Look to a Controversial Therapy", New York Times, Feb 12 2007. 
  27. ^ Matheson, David. Pathways Into Male Homosexuality.
  28. ^ http://www.peoplecanchange.com/MANSIntro.htm
  29. ^ http://www.narth.com/docs/2003conference.html
  30. ^ http://www.evergreeninternational.org/four_principles.htm
  31. ^ http://www.peoplecanchange.com/Masculinity.htm
  32. ^ http://www.peoplecanchange.com/Authenticity.htm
  33. ^ http://www.peoplecanchange.com/Need_Fulfill.htm
  34. ^ http://www.peoplecanchange.com/Surrender.htm
  35. ^ Why Change? Survey of Men With Unwanted Same-Sex Attractions (SSA) on the Factors Motivating Their Desire to Change
  36. ^ Survey Reveals Why Some 'Same Sex Attracted' Men Seek Change
  37. ^ http://www.exgaywatch.com/wp/2006/07/unrealized-expe
  38. ^ http://www.boxturtlebulletin.com/2006/07/13/31
  39. ^ http://www.peoplecanchange.com/pdfs/whychangesurvey.pdf
  40. ^ apa position
  41. ^ http://www.narth.com/menus/positionstatements.html
  42. ^ http://www.genderwholeness.com/
  43. ^ Just the Facts
  44. ^ [1]
  45. ^ [2]
  46. ^ spiritual issues
  47. ^ Competencies for Integrating Spirituality into Counseling
  48. ^ http://www.cchr.org/index.cfm/6519
  49. ^ http://books.google.com/books?id=uUH-KjLLzX0C&pg=PA194&lpg=PA194&dq=%22true+freedom+trust%22&source=web&ots=NyorfO9IFB&sig=sJyf_j1EU2SNE0rz0HjVqYH3tiU