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In mathematics, Yoneda Extensions are a method used in homological algebra to define higher Ext groups without using derived functors. It is a useful method of explicitly computing Ext groups because one does not need a projective or injective resolution.

1 Definition and computation
- 1.1 Group law
- 1.2 Ext in abelian categories
2 Properties of Ext
3 Ring structure and module structure on specific Exts
4 Interesting examples
5 References

[edit] Definition and computation

For any abelian category $\mathcal{C}$ and $A, B$ two objects in $\mathcal{C}$ , define

$\operatorname{Ext}_\mathcal{C}^0(A,B) = \operatorname{Hom}_\mathcal{C}(A,B).$

We define $\mathrm{Ext}_\mathcal{C}^1(A,B)$ as the group of extensions of A by B modulo an equivalence relation as follows. Given two extensions $E, E'$ we say they are equivalent if there exists a morphism of short exact sequences with equality on the ends. In other words a morphism $E \to E'$ that makes the following diagram commute.

INSERT COMMUTATIVE DIAGRAM

The group of $n$ -extensions of $A$ by $B$ modulo equivalence is defined to be $\mathrm{Ext}_\mathcal{C}^n(A,B)$ . For an equivalence of $n$ -extensions, it is often useful to use intermediate stages. So two extensions are equivalent if there is a commutative diagram of the following form.

INSERT COMMUTATIVE DIAGRAM

When it is clear which category is being used, the subscript will usually be dropped and it is written as $Ext n (A, B)$ .

[edit] Group law

Ext functors derive their name from the relationship to extensions. Given $R$ -modules $A$ and $B$ , there is a bijective correspondence between equivalence classes of extensions

$0\rightarrow B\rightarrow C\rightarrow A\rightarrow 0$

of $A$ by $B$ and elements of

$\operatorname{Ext}_R^1(A,B).$

Given two extensions

$0\rightarrow B\rightarrow C\rightarrow A\rightarrow 0$ and

$0\rightarrow B\rightarrow C'\rightarrow A\rightarrow 0$

we can construct the Baer sum, by forming the pullback $Γ$ of $C\rightarrow A$ and $C'\rightarrow A$ . We form the quotient $Y = Γ / Δ$ , with $\Delta=\{(-b,b):b\in B\}$ . The extension

$0\rightarrow B\rightarrow Y\rightarrow A\rightarrow 0$

thus formed is called the Baer sum of the extensions $C$ and $C'$ .

The Baer sum ends up being an abelian group operation on the set of equivalence classes, with the extension

$0\rightarrow B\rightarrow A\oplus B\rightarrow A\rightarrow 0$

acting as the identity.

[edit] Ext in abelian categories

This identification enables us to define $\operatorname{Ext}^1_{\mathcal{C}}(A,B)$ even for abelian categories $\mathcal{C}$ without reference to projectives and injectives. We simply take $\operatorname{Ext}^1_{\mathcal{C}}(A,B)$ to be the set of equivalence classes of extensions of $A$ by $B$ , forming an abelian group under the Baer sum. Similarly, we can define higher Ext groups $\operatorname{Ext}^n_{\mathcal{C}}(A,B)$ as equivalence classes of n-extensions

$0\rightarrow B\rightarrow X_n\rightarrow\cdots\rightarrow X_1\rightarrow A\rightarrow0$

under the equivalence relation generated by the relation that identifies two extensions

$0\rightarrow B\rightarrow X_n\rightarrow\cdots\rightarrow X_1\rightarrow A\rightarrow0$ and

$0\rightarrow B\rightarrow X'_n\rightarrow\cdots\rightarrow X'_1\rightarrow A\rightarrow0$

if there are maps $X_m\rightarrow X'_m$ for all $m$ in $1,2,.., n$ so that every resulting square commutes.

The Baer sum of the two n-extensions above is formed by letting $X'' 1$ be the pullback of $X 1$ and $X' 1$ over $A$ , and $X'' n$ be the pushout of $X n$ and $X' n$ under $B$ . Then we define the Baer sum of the extensions to be

$0\rightarrow B\rightarrow X''_n\rightarrow X_{n-1}\oplus X'_{n-1}\rightarrow\cdots\rightarrow X_2\oplus X'_2\rightarrow X''_1\rightarrow A\rightarrow0.$

[edit] Properties of Ext

The Ext functor exhibits some convenient properties, useful in computations.

$\operatorname{Ext}^i_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(A,B)=0$ for $i > 0$ if either $B$ is injective or $A$ is projective.

The converse also holds: if $\operatorname{Ext}^1_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(A,B)=0$ for all $A$ , then $\operatorname{Ext}^i_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(A,B)=0$ for all $A$ , and $B$ is injective; if $\operatorname{Ext}^1_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(A,B)=0$ for all $B$ , then $\operatorname{Ext}^i_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(A,B)=0$ for all $B$ , and $A$ is projective.

$\operatorname{Ext}^n_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(\bigoplus_\alpha A_\alpha,B)\cong\prod_\alpha\operatorname{Ext}^n_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(A_\alpha,B)$

$\operatorname{Ext}^n_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(A,\prod_\beta B_\beta)\cong\prod_\beta\operatorname{Ext}^n_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(A,B_\beta)$

[edit] Ring structure and module structure on specific Exts

One more very useful way to view the Ext functor is this: when an element of $\operatorname{Ext}^n_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(A,B)$ is considered as an equivalence class of maps $f: P_n\rightarrow B$ for a projective resolution $P *$ of $A$ ; so, then we can pick a long exact sequence $Q *$ ending with $B$ and lift the map $f$ using the projectivity of the modules $P m$ to a chain map $f_*: P_*\rightarrow Q_*$ of degree -n. It turns out that homotopy classes of such chain maps correspond precisely to the equivalence classes in the definition of Ext above.

Under sufficiently nice circumstances, such as when the ring $R$ is a group ring, or a k-algebra, for a field k or even a noetherian ring k, we can impose a ring structure on $\operatorname{Ext}^*_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(k,k)$ . The multiplication has quite a few equivalent interpretations, corresponding to different interpretations of the elements of $\operatorname{Ext}^*_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(k,k)$ .

One interpretation is in terms of these homotopy classes of chain maps. Then the product of two elements is precisely the composition of the corresponding representatives. We can choose a single resolution of $k$ , and do all the calculations inside $\operatorname{Hom}_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(P_*,P_*)$ , which is a differential graded algebra, with homology precisely $\operatorname{Ext}_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(k,k)$ .

Another interpretation, not in fact relying on the existence of projective or injective modules is that of Yoneda splices. Then we take the viewpoint above that an element of $\operatorname{Ext}^n_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(A,B)$ is an exact sequence starting in $A$ and ending in $B$ . This is then spliced with an element in $\operatorname{Ext}^m_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(B,C)$ , by replacing

$\rightarrow X_1\rightarrow B\rightarrow 0$ and $0\rightarrow B\rightarrow Y_n\rightarrow$

with

$\rightarrow X_1\rightarrow Y_n\rightarrow$

where the middle arrow is the composition of the functions $X_1\rightarrow B$ and $B\rightarrow Y_n$ .

These viewpoints turn out to be equivalent whenever both make sense.

Using similar interpretations, we find that $\operatorname{Ext}_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}^*(k,M)$ is a module over $\operatorname{Ext}^*_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(k,k)$ , again for sufficiently nice situations.

[edit] Interesting examples

If $\mathbb ZG$ is the integral group ring for a group $G$ , then $\operatorname{Ext}^*_{\mathrm{Mod}_{\mathbb ZG}}(\mathbb Z,M)$ is the group cohomology $H * (G, M)$ with coefficients in $M$ .

For $\mathbb F_p$ the finite field on $p$ elements, we also have that $H^*(G,M)=\operatorname{Ext}^*_{\mathrm{Mod}_{\mathbb F_pG}}(\mathbb F_p,M)$ , and it turns out that the group cohomology doesn't depend on the base ring chosen.

If $A$ is a $k$ -algebra, then $\operatorname{Ext}^*_{\mathrm{Mod}_{A\otimes_k A^{op}}}(A,M)$ is the Hochschild cohomology $\operatorname{HH}^*(A,M)$ with coefficients in the module M.

If $R$ is chosen to be the universal enveloping algebra for a Lie algebra $\mathfrak g$ , then $\operatorname{Ext}^*_{\mathrm{Mod}_R}(R,M)$ is the Lie algebra cohomology $\operatorname{H}^*(\mathfrak g,M)$ with coefficients in the module M.