Islam in Kyrgyzstan
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The vast majority of today's Kyrgyz are Muslims of the Sunni branch, which came into the region during the 8th century.[1] Some Kyrgyz Muslims practice their religion in a specific way influenced by tribal customs. The practice of Islam also differs in the northern and southern regions of the country, with the south being more practicing. Kyrgyzstan remained a secular state after the fall of communism, which had only superficial influence on religious practice when Kyrgyzstan was a Soviet republic, because of the policy of state atheism. Most of the Russian population of Kyrgyzstan is atheist or Russian Orthodox. The Uzbeks, who make up 12.9 percent of the population, are generally Sunni Muslims.
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[edit] The introduction of Islam
Islam was introduced to the Kyrgyz tribes between the eight and twelfth centuries. The most intense exposure to Islam occurred in the seventeenth century, when the Jungars drove the Kyrgyz of the Tian Shan region into the Fergana Valley, whose population was totally Islamic. However, as the danger from the Jungars subsided, elements of the Kyrgyz population returned to some of their tribal customs. When the Quqon Khanate advanced into northern Kyrgyzistan in the eighteenth century, various northern Kyrgyz tribes[2] remained aloof from the official Islamic practices of that regime. By the end of the nineteenth century, however, the entire Kyrgyz population, including the tribes in the north, had converted to Sunni Islam.
[edit] Tribal religion
Alongside Islam, some Kyrgyz practice Tengriism, the recognition of spiritual kinship with a particular type of animal. Under this belief system, which predates their contact with Islam, Kyrgyz tribes adopted reindeer, camels, snakes, owls, and bears as objects of worship. The sun, moon, and stars also play an important religious role. The strong dependence of the nomads on the forces of nature reinforced such connections and fostered belief in shamanism. Traces of such beliefs remain in the religious practice of many of today's Kyrgyz residing in the north.
Knowledge of and interest in Islam is said to be much stronger in the south, especially around Osh, than further north. Religious practice in the north is more mixed with animism and shamanist practices, giving worship there a resemblance to Siberian religious practice.
[edit] Islam and the state
While Religion has not played an especially significant role in the politics of Kyrgyzstan, more traditional elements of Islamic values have been urged despite the nation's constitution stipulating to secularism. Although the constitution forbids the intrusion of any ideology or religion in the conduct of state business, a growing amount of public figures have expressed support to promote Islamic traditions.[3] As in other parts of Central Asia, non-Central Asians have been concerned about the potential of a fundamentalist Islamic revolution that would emulate Iran and Afghanistan by bringing Islam directly into the making of state policy, to the detriment of the non-Islamic population. Because of sensitivity about the economic consequences of a continued outflow of Russians (brain drain), then president Askar Akayev took particular pains to reassure the non-Kyrgyz that no Islamic revolution was threatening. Akayev paid public visits to Bishkek's main Russian Orthodox church and directed one million rubles from the state treasury toward that faith's church-building fund. He also appropriated funds and other support for a German cultural center. Nevertheless, there has been support from local government, to build bigger Mosques and religious schools.[4] Additionally, recent bills have been proposed to outlaw abortion. Also, there has been numerous attempts to decriminalize polygamy, and to allow officials to travel to Mecca on a hajj under a tax-free agreement.[5]
[edit] Current status
During a July 2007 interview, Bermet Akayeva, the daughter of former president Askar Akayev, stated that Islam is increasingly taking root in Kyrgyzstan.[6] She emphasized that many mosques have been built and that the Kyrgyz are increasingly devoting themselves to the religion, which she noted was "not a bad thing in itself. It keeps our society more moral, cleaner."[7]
The state recognizes two Muslim feast days as official holidays: Eid ul-Fitr, which ends Ramadan, and Eid ul-Adha, which commemorates Ibrahim's (Abraham's) willingness to sacrifice his son. It also recognizes Orthodox Christmas as well as the traditional Persian festival of Nowruz.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Gendering Ethnicity: Implications for Democracy Assistance By L. M. Handrahan, pg. 100
- ^ Gendering Ethnicity: Implications for Democracy Assistance By L. M. Handrahan, pg. 100
- ^ ISN Security Watch - Islam exerts growing influence on Kyrgyz politics
- ^ ISN Security Watch - Islam exerts growing influence on Kyrgyz politics
- ^ ISN Security Watch - Islam exerts growing influence on Kyrgyz politics
- ^ EurasiaNet Civil Society - Kyrgyzstan: Time to Ponder a Federal System - Ex-President's Daughter
- ^ EurasiaNet Civil Society - Kyrgyzstan: Time to Ponder a Federal System - Ex-President's Daughter
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