Instruments used in pathology
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Instruments used specially in Pathology are as follows: [1][2][3]
Contents |
[edit] Instrument list
| Instrument | Uses |
|---|---|
| Flow cytometer | used for automated cell counting as in total blood count, differential count, etc |
| Tissue bath or Organ bath or Dale's apparatus | used in tissue culture experiments mainly in Pharmacology for drugs, etc |
| Sahli Haemoglobinometer | an old but rapid and simple method of hemoglobin estimation in the laboratories. Presently used in some places where sophisticated optical instruments are not available |
| Haemocytometer | a microscope associated apparatus used for manual counting of cells in body fluids like blood, etc including for sperm count |
| Wintrobe's Tube | used for ESR (Wintrobe's method), PCV, haematocrit, etc |
| Westergren's tube and ESR stand | used for ESR (Westergren's method) |
| Capillary tubes | used for capillary method of clotting time estimation |
| Urinometer | used to determine the specific gravity of urine |
| Esbach's or other albuminometer | used to measure the albumin content of urine |
| Lumbar puncture needle | used for puncturing into the spine (or cisterns or fontanelles of a new born) for cerebro-spinal fluid aspiration or for injection drugs, specially anesthetics in spinal blocks, epidurals, etc |
| Bone-marrow puncture needle: Shals's, Klima's, Bone marrow biopsy needle, etc | for puncturing into the cavity of bones containing red bone marrow for its aspiration. Used in diagnostic examinations |
| Disposable plastic molds or embedding molds (Leukart's L blocks) for tissue paraffin block making w.r.t. Histopathology | used to make blocks of tissue for cutting into thin slices for microscopy |
| Block holders w.r.t. Histopathology | used to hold the tissue blocks during cutting |
| Microtome: w.r.t. Histopathology | used to cut the blocks of tissue embedded in paraffin into micro fine slices for miroscopy |
| •Rotatory microtome | -do-; a special type |
| •Sliding microtome | -do-; a special type |
| •Freezing microtome | -do-; a special type |
| •Refrigerated microtome (cryostat) | -do-; a special type that is used during operations to aid the surgeon in demarcating the diseased (specially neoplasms) tissue. |
| •Rocking microtome | -do-; a special type |
| •Base sledge microtome | -do-; a special type |
| •Ultra microtome | -do-; a special type |
| Tissue section floating baths w.r.t. Histopathology | used to spread the cut thin slices onto water using surface tension from where it is placed onto glass slides |
| Ryle's tube or Nasogastric tube | used for nasogastric suction (or at times introduction of food or drugs). vide link |
| FNAC needles | used for fine needle aspiration of material from inside the body; used for diagnostic examinations of the cells hence obtained; vide link |
| Trephine biopsy needle[4] | used for taking a biopsy from a deep hard tissue like bone marrow (within a hard bone) |
| Spirometer: | used to test lung function; vide link |
| •Water-seal type | -do- |
| •Douglas bag type | -do- |
| Peak flow meter or Peak expiatory flow rate meter | used to test lung function by testing the rate at which the person can exhale; useful to diagnose COPD and asthma |
| Mercury or other manometers | used to measure pressure of a fluid within a cavity like the spinal canal, which is raised in certain diseases |
| Electrocardiography machine (ECG) | to read and trace the electrical activity of the heart; vide link |
| Sphygmomanometer or blood pressure monitor | used to record blood pressure |
| Blood gas analyzer | used to analyze and quantify the amount of various gases within blood (diagnostic standard requires blood from an artery). It is a standard intensive care unit or operation theater apparatus |
| Calorimeter | to calculate basal metabolic rate; useful in thyroid diseases; vide link |
| •Atwater-Rosa-Benedict respiration chamber | -do- |
| •Benedict-Roth's apparatus with Collin's modification | -do- (uses a water seal) |
| •Ergometer | -do-; antiquated instrument using a modified bicycle |
| •Electronic | -do-; modern method |
| Electroencephalography (EEG) | to read and trace the electrical activity of the brain; vide link |
| Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) apparatus | to replicate a DNA molecule manifolds; used in genetics, DNA fingerprinting from small samples, detection of infective organisms by their DNA, etc |
| Ophthalmoscope | to look at the retina |
| Otoscope | to look into the external ear cavity |
| Endoscope | to look inside the oesophagus, stomach, upper intestines, bile duct, larynx, trachea, bronchi-through the mouth; anal canal, rectum, colon- through anus; used mainly in Surgery or by surgical consultants |
| Colposcope | to look inside the female genitalia, eg. vagina |
| Proctoscope | to look inside anal canal and lower part of the rectum |
[edit] Images gallery
 A hemocytometer |
 Spinal needles |
 Marrow puncture |
 Bone marrow biopsy needle |
 Rotary microtome |
 Electrical microtome |
 Base sledge microtome |
 Hypodermic needle |
 Intravenous cannula |
 Peak flow meter |
 Blood pressure monitor |
 Flexible endoscope |
[edit] References
- ^ Essentials of medical physiology by Dr. Arun Baran Singha Mahapatra, ISBN 81-86793-56-9
- ^ Practical Pathology by Dr. P. Chakraborty n Dr. G. Chakraborty, ISBN 81-7381-332-9
- ^ Robbins and Cotran Review of Pathology ISBN 0721601944
- ^ Bain BJ (2003). "Bone marrow biopsy morbidity and mortality". Br. J. Haematol. 121 (6): 949-51. PMID 12786808.
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