Hydrocotyle

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Hydrocotyle
Hydrocotyle bowlesioides
Hydrocotyle bowlesioides
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Apiales
Family: Araliaceae
Subfamily: Hydrocotyloideae
Genus: Hydrocotyle[1][2][3]
L.

Hydrocotyle sometimes called water pennywort,[4] Indian Pennywort, Marsh Penny, Thick-leaved Pennywort and even White Rot[5] is a genus of prostrate, perennial[6] aquatic or semi-aquatic plants formerly classified in the family Apiaceae, now in the family Araliaceae.[3]

Contents

[edit] Description

Water pennyworts, Hydrocotyles are very common. They have long creeping stems that often form dense mats, often in and near ponds, lakes, rivers, marshes[4] and some species in coastal areas by the sea.[7][8]

Leaves
Simple, with small leafy outgrowth at the base, kidney shaped to round. Leaf edges are scalloped.
Flowers
Flower clusters are simple and flat-topped or rounded. Involucral bracts Inconspicuous bracts at the base of each flower. Indistinct sepals.
Fruits and reproduction
Elliptical to round with thin ridges and no oil tubes (Vitta) which is characteristic in the fruit of umbelliferous plants.[6]
The prostrate plants reproduce by seed and by sending roots from stem nodes.[9]

[edit] Selected species

The Hydrocotyle genus has between 75 and 100 species[10] that grow in tropical and temperate regions worldwide[6] and a few species have made it into the world of cultivated ornamental aquatics.[11] A list of selected species:[3][1][2][10][12][13][14]

  • Hydrocotyle americana L. -- American marshpennywort
  • Hydrocotyle batrachium Hance
  • Hydrocotyle benguetensis Elm.
  • Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. -- largeleaf pennywort
  • Hydrocotyle bowlesioides Mathias & Constance -- largeleaf marshpennywort
  • Hydrocotyle calcicola
  • Hydrocotyle dichondroides Makino
  • Hydrocotyle dielsiana
  • Hydrocotyle heteromeria -- waxweed
  • Hydrocotyle himalaica
  • Hydrocotyle hirsuta Sw. -- yerba de clavo
  • Hydrocotyle hookeri
  • Hydrocotyle javanica Thunb.
  • Hydrocotyle keelungensis Liu, Chao & Chuang
  • Hydrocotyle leucocephala Cham. & Schltdl. -- Brazilian pennywort
  • Hydrocotyle mannii Hook.f.
  • Hydrocotyle microphylla A.Cunn.
  • Hydrocotyle moschata G. Forst. -- musky marshpennywort
  • Hydrocotyle nepalensis Hook.
  • Hydrocotyle novae-zelandiae DC.
  • Hydrocotyle prolifera Kellogg -- whorled marshpennywort
  • Hydrocotyle pseudoconferta
  • Hydrocotyle pusilla A. Rich. -- tropical marshpennywort
  • Hydrocotyle ramiflora
  • Hydrocotyle ranunculoides L. f. -- floating marshpennywort, floating marshpennywort, floating pennyroyal
  • Hydrocotyle salwinica
  • Hydrocotyle setulosa Hayata
  • Hydrocotyle sibthorpioides Lam. -- lawn marshpennywort
  • Hydrocotyle tripartita
  • Hydrocotyle umbellata L. -- manyflower marshpennywort, umbrella pennyroyal
  • Hydrocotyle verticillata Thunb. -- whorled marshpennywort, whorled marshpennywort, whorled pennyroyal
  • Hydrocotyle vulgaris L.
  • Hydrocotyle wilfordii
  • Hydrocotyle wilsonii

[edit] Distribution

Hydrocotyle grow in wet and damp places in the tropics and the temperate zones.[6]

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Hydrocotyle L. (HTML). African Plants Database. South African National Biodiversity Institute, the Conservatoire et Jardin botaniques de la Ville de Genève and Tela Botanica.. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  2. ^ a b Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). Classification for Kingdom Plantae Down to Genus Hydrocotyle L. (HTML). The PLANTS Database. United States Department of Agriculture,. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  3. ^ a b c Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) (2006-04-02). Genus: Hydrocotyle L. (HTML). Taxonomy for Plants. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program, National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  4. ^ a b University of Florida Herbarium (2005). Hydrocotyle species (HTML). Aquatic, Wetland and Invasive Plant Particulars and Photographs. University of Florida, Center for Aquatic and Invasive Plants. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  5. ^ M. Grieve (1931). Hydrocotyle (HTML). A Modern Herbal. © Copyright Protected 1995-2008 Botanical.com. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  6. ^ a b c d Flora of China. Hydrocotyle Linn. (HTML). Family List. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  7. ^ Aluka. Hydrocotyle bonariensis Lam. [family UMBELLIFERAE] (HTML). African Plants. Ithaka Harbors, Inc. DOI:10.5555/AL.AP.COMPILATION.PLANT-NAME-SPECIES.HYDROCOTYLE.BONARIENSIS. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  8. ^ Schardosim, Alecsandro; Klein Vanilde, Citadini-Zanette, Robson dos Santos (September 2007). "Florística e estrutura comunitária de restinga herbácea no município de Araranguá, Santa Catarina" (in Spanish). Biotemas 20 (3): 15-26. ISSN 0103 – 1643. 
  9. ^ Watson, Mark F.. Hydrocotyle L (HTML). Flora of Bhutan. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  10. ^ a b Flora of China. 1. Hydrocotyle Linnaeus (HTML). Family List. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  11. ^ Pennywort, Genus Hydrocotyle (HTML). The Aquarium Gardener Series. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  12. ^ Taiwan Plant Names. Hydrocotyle Linn. (HTML). Family List. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  13. ^ Madagascar Catalog. Hydrocotyle L. (HTML). Genus Page. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.
  14. ^ hydrocotyle (HTML). New Zealand Weeds. Massey University: Institute of Natural Resources. Retrieved on 2008-04-25.

[edit] External links