Hurricane Ernesto (2006)

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This article is about the 2006 storm. For past storms, see Hurricane Ernesto.
Hurricane Ernesto
Category 1 hurricane (SSHS)
Hurricane Ernesto as a Category 1 hurricane south of Haiti

Hurricane Ernesto as a Category 1 hurricane south of Haiti
Formed August 24, 2006
Dissipated September 1, 2006
Highest
winds
75 mph (120 km/h) (1-minute sustained)
Lowest pressure 985 mbar (hPa; 29.1 inHg)
Fatalities At least 7 direct, 4 indirect
Damage $500 million (2006 USD)
$530 million (2008 USD)
Areas
affected		 Lesser Antilles, Hispaniola, Cuba, East Coast of the United States (landfalls in Florida and North Carolina), eastern Canada
Part of the
2006 Atlantic hurricane season

Hurricane Ernesto was the costliest tropical cyclone of the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. The sixth tropical storm and first hurricane of the season, Ernesto developed from a tropical wave on August 24 in the eastern Caribbean Sea. Ernesto first affected the northern Caribbean, reaching minimal hurricane status near Haiti before weakening and moving across eastern Cuba as a tropical storm. Despite initial predictions for it to track through the eastern Gulf of Mexico as a major hurricane, Ernesto moved across eastern Florida as a weak tropical storm. After turning to the northeast, it re-intensified and made landfall on August 31 on the North Carolina coast just below hurricane status. The remnants spread moisture across the northeastern United States before dissipating over eastern Canada on September 14.

The deaths of at least eight people was attributed to Ernesto, which dumped heavy rains throughout its path, especially in the mid-Atlantic states. Damage in Virginia was estimated to have been $118 million (2006 USD), and total damage in the United States was estimated at $500 million (2006 USD).[1]

Contents

[edit] Storm history

Storm path
Storm path

On August 18, a tropical wave moved off the coast of Africa.[1] It tracked westward, and its associated convection began organizing and concentrating on August 22.[2] The next day, convection increased along the wave axis, and Dvorak classifications from the Tropical Analysis and Forecast Branch of the National Hurricane Center began at 1200 UTC on August 23. As it approached the Lesser Antilles, a surface low developed,[1] and based on confirmation from Hurricane Hunters of a closed low-level circulation, it is estimated the system developed into Tropical Depression Five on August 24 while located about 50 miles (80 km) north-northwest of Grenada.[3]

Located to the south of a ridge across the southwestern Atlantic Ocean, the depression tracked west-northwestward through an area of dry air and westerly wind shear.[3] Despite the shear, convection intensified near the center as banding features improved in the eastern semicircle.[4] On August 24, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Ernesto.[1] Convection deepened and expanded, though wind shear displaced the low-level center to the west of the convection.[5] By August 26, the circulation had become much better-defined, and within five days Ernesto was forecasted to be located about 275 miles (445 km) south of the Gulf Coast of the United States as a major hurricane.[6] The center reformed under the deepest convection after wind shear decreased as outflow increased in all quadrants. Turning northwestward, a small eye formed,[7] and early on August 27 Ernesto attained hurricane status while located about 95 miles (153 km) south-southwest of the border between Haiti and the Dominican Republic.[1]

Upon becoming a hurricane, Ernesto was believed to be undergoing rapid intensification.[7] However, the small inner core deteriorated as the circulation interacted with the mountainous terrain of southwest Haiti, and it quickly weakened back to tropical storm status.[1] The center became broad and ill-defined, though it was forecasted to re-intensify to hurricane status before striking Cuba.[8] It continued to weaken due to land interaction, and early on August 28 Ernesto passed just offshore of the southwestern tip of Haiti with winds of 45 miles per hour (72 km/h). Hindered by increased wind shear from an upper-level low over the Bahamas, the storm weakened further before striking just west of Guantánamo Bay in Cuba as a minimal tropical storm.[1] With very warm water temperatures and a favorable upper-level environment, one forecast remarked the possibility of Ernesto strengthening greatly over the Straits of Florida and eastern Gulf of Mexico to hit western Florida as a major hurricane.[9] Ernesto remained over land as a minimal tropical storm for about 18 hours before reaching the Straits of Florida. Convection gradually increased over the warm waters, though it failed to strengthen significantly due to its disrupted inner core. An eastward moving high pressure system over the southeastern United States resulted in a continued northwest movement, and at 0300 UTC on August 30 it struck Plantation Key in the upper Florida Keys with winds of 45 miles per hour (72 km/h). Two hours later, Ernesto made landfall on the Florida mainland in southwestern Miami-Dade County.[1]

Radar image of Ernesto about to make landfall in South Florida on August 29.
Radar image of Ernesto about to make landfall in South Florida on August 29.

Moving through a weakness in the subtropical ridge, the storm turned to the north through the state.[1] Operationally, the National Hurricane Center downgraded Ernesto to tropical depression status while over the state,[10] though post-analysis indicated the system maintained tropical storm status.[1] Ernesto retained a well-organized cloud pattern over land,[10] and after emerging over the Atlantic Ocean near Cape Canaveral,[1] convection again increased and began wrapping into the circulation.[11] Upon reaching the Atlantic Ocean, Ernesto accelerated north-northeastward ahead of an approaching deep layer trough. The convection increased as the storm strengthened over warm waters, and late on August 31 Ernesto attained an intensity of 70 miles per hour (113 km/h) while located about 170 miles (274 km) south-southwest of Wilmington, North Carolina. Shortly prior to moving ashore, an eye began to develop, and early on September 1 the storm made landfall on Oak Island, North Carolina very near the threshold between tropical storm and hurricane status. The National Hurricane Center remarked the possibility that Ernesto could have been a hurricane at landfall, due to the possibility that the strongest maximum wind was not sampled.[1]

Ernesto strengthening along the Atlantic coast on August 31
Ernesto strengthening along the Atlantic coast on August 31

After landfall the storm rapidly weakened, and about 8 hours after moving ashore Ernesto deteriorated to tropical depression status. Interacting with a pre-existing frontal zone that extended eastward through Virginia, Ernesto quickly lost its tropical characteristics, and late on September 1 it transitioned into an extratropical cyclone. It re-intensified to a gale over the Mid-Atlantic states, only to weaken to an extratropical depression near Pennsylvania. With a large high pressure area to its east, the remnants turned to the north-northwest. It reached southern Ontario on September 3, and after turning northeastward the extratropical remnants of Ernesto were absorbed into a larger extratropical storm over Quebec on September 4.[1]

[edit] Preparations

[edit] Caribbean

Government offices in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines were closed early on the day of the passage of Ernesto through the Lesser Antilles.[12] Officials on Aruba advised small boat owners to remain at port.[13]

About nine hours after Ernesto became a tropical storm, the government of Haiti issued a tropical storm watch from its border with the Dominican Republic to the southwestern tip of the country. As the storm strengthened, the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning, and about 15 hours prior to its closest approach the warning was replaced with a hurricane warning.[1] Several low-lying citizens in Gonaïves were evacuated after local meteorologists anticipated up to 20 inches (500 mm) of rain in some mountainous areas. Additionally, authorities advised residents in shantytowns near the ocean to evacuate to emergency shelters.[14]

Jamaican officials issued radio and television advisories for residents in low-lying areas, urging them to be ready and evacuate if necessary. The Jamaican government opened all shelters on the island and placed its armed forces on standby.[15] Long lines for storm supplies were reported at local businesses ahead of the storm as residents rushed to obtain supplies in preparation for Ernesto's onslaught.[15] When a tropical storm warning was put in effect for Jamaica and the central Bahamas, cruise ship companies indicated they were diverting several liners to avoid the storm.[14]

Hurricane warnings were put in effect for six provinces in southeastern Cuba,[14] where significant precipitation ranging up to 20 inches (500 mm) across the mountainous south was expected as the center of Ernesto tracked slowly across Cuba.[16] Cuban officials evacuated 300,000 people[17] and brought its fishing fleet into harbors.[18] The Cuban state television broadcast extensive warnings about the storm, urging precautions. Cattle were moved to higher ground, tourists were evacuated from hotels in the southeastern province of Granma, and baseball games scheduled for the evening of August 27 in Havana were played earlier in the day.[14] The threat of the storm caused domestic flights to be canceled.[19]

[edit] United States

Atlantis heads back to Launch Pad 39B to ride out Ernesto.
Atlantis heads back to Launch Pad 39B to ride out Ernesto.

On August 26, about four days prior to Ernesto striking the state, the government of Florida activated its Emergency Operations Center, while the National Guard was placed on standby, following a "warning order" to its commanders.[20] On August 27, the Governor of Florida, Jeb Bush, issued a state of emergency because of the high risk of impact from Ernesto on the state.[21] Officials issued a mandatory evacuation order for all visitors and non-residents in the Florida Keys about three days before the storm passed through the area.[22] Mandatory evacuations were later issued for mobile homes and low-lying areas of Monroe, Broward, St. Lucie, and Martin counties; voluntary evacuations were also issued for barrier islands in Miami-Dade and Palm Beach counties.[21] On August 28, forecasters issued a hurricane watch for southern Florida through the Florida Keys.[1] When Ernesto was downgraded to tropical storm status, Governor Jeb Bush urged Florida residents to continue preparations and not wait until it regained hurricane status, as it was forecasted to do by the National Hurricane Center.[23] At least 30 shelters were opened, and tolls on four turnpike were lifted. Several schools were closed across southern Florida.[21] The threat of the storm caused NASA to postpone the launch of Space Shuttle Atlantis at Kennedy Space Center to avoid risking damage from the storm.[24]

Early uncertainty in track forecast led to preparations along the Gulf Coast. In New Orleans and Chalmette the United States Army Corps of Engineers declared that the levees repaired after their failures during Katrina may stop the storm surge from a hurricane, but that they would also block rainwater from leaving the city, because of delays in building the ancillary infrastructure to prevent flooding. New Orleans, which had already been devastated by Hurricane Katrina a year earlier, now had to worry about the threat of another potential major hurricane.[25] No evacuation orders were issued for Gulf Coast residents.

National watch and warning map showing flash flood watches and coastal flood warnings throughout the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States.
National watch and warning map showing flash flood watches and coastal flood warnings throughout the Mid-Atlantic and Southeastern United States.

The forecast initially caused oil prices to rise in anticipation of possible impact in the central Gulf of Mexico.[26] The petroleum supermajor BP stated it would evacuate one-third of its 2,400 employees from their stations in the Gulf of Mexico as a precautionary measure.[15] Combined with uncertainty about a possible conflict with Iran, the cost of crude oil rose on August 25 by US$1.19 to US$73.55, and natural gas prices rose US$0.39 to US$7.47.[26] However, oil prices retreated by US$2 on August 28 to well below US$71, as the storm began its track toward Florida. [27]

On August 29, a hurricane watch was issued from the mouth of the Altamaha River in Georgia to Cape Fear, North Carolina. The next day, the watch was replaced with a tropical storm warning, which was later extended to Currituck Beach Light in Corolla, North Carolina before the storm moved ashore.[1] In South Carolina, voluntary evacuations were issued for Charleston and Colleton counties.[28]


Virginia Governor Tim Kaine declared a state of emergency, putting the Virginia National Guard and state agencies on alert and opening the state's new Emergency Operations Center in suburban Richmond. North Carolina Governor Mike Easley activated 200 National Guard troops and had other emergency teams on standby. Washington D.C. and parts of Maryland and Delaware were put on a Coastal Flood Watch and Flash Flood Watch by the National Weather Service in preparation for Ernesto. [29]

[edit] Impact

[edit] Caribbean

Total rainfall in Puerto Rico from Ernesto
Total rainfall in Puerto Rico from Ernesto

Shortly before Ernesto developed into a tropical cyclone, the precursor tropical wave produced sustained winds of 37 miles per hour (60 km/h) in Barbados in association with a convective downburst;[3] a gust of 51 miles per hour (82 km/h) was also reported, and the winds caused a brief power outage on the island.[30] On the island of Trinidad, the disturbance produced widespread flooding, which resulted in some crop damage.[31] On Saint Vincent, the winds downed a few tree branches.[12] The passage of the storm system produced heavy rainfall across the southern Lesser Antilles, which caused minor flooding.[30] Additionally, the precursor system led to rough surf and some beach erosion.[32]

Puerto Rico experienced peripheral rainfall from the cyclone as it tracked through the eastern Caribbean Sea. A two-day storm total of 4.69 inches (119 mm) occurred in Sabana Grande.[33]

In the Dominican Republic, heavy rainfall caused river flooding and mudslides, resulting in damage to several houses. The highest rainfall report noted was 7.01 inches (178 mm) at Barahona.[1] The rainfall also downed trees, and caused flooding to enter over 400 houses near Santo Domingo[34], which forced the evacuation of over 1,600 people.[35] In Haiti, the storm caused heavy rainfall of over 11 inches (300 mm) and strong winds,[36] causing flooding and destroying 13 homes on the island of La Gonave.[37] In Port-au-Prince, rainfall severely damaged a bridge, isolating the southern portion of the region.[34] Across the country, 59 homes were damaged, of which six destroyed, and a total of five deaths were reported.[38]

Ernesto produced heavy rainfall in eastern Cuba, with Guantanamo reporting 3 inches (75 mm) in four hours.[39] Gusty winds left some towns in the Camagüey Province without power, though overall damage was minor.[34] There were no reports from Cuba of deaths, injuries, or major damage attributed to the storm.[40]

[edit] Southeastern United States

Ernesto Rainfall for United States
Ernesto Rainfall for United States

Upon making landfall in southern Florida, the storm produced a storm tide of about 1 foot (0.3 m) above astronomical tide levels, though no beach erosion was reported. Winds were fairly minor across the state, reaching 40 miles per hour (64 km/h) at a station on Lake Okeechobee. Ernesto dropped heavy rainfall across southwest Florida, with a state maximum of 8.72 inches (221 mm) recorded at South Golden Gate. The rainfall caused the Fisheating Creek to overflow, and some flooding also occurred in portions of Collier County.[41] Floodwaters entered at least 13 homes in Palmdale.[1] The passage of the storm resulted in more than 150 canceled flights at Orlando International Airport, stranding several travelers.[42] While moving through the state, Ernesto spawned two F0 tornadoes in Osceola County.[1] One person died in each in Broward and Miami-Dade counties from traffic accidents; the deaths are considered indirectly related to Ernesto. Overall damage in the state was minor.[41]

Passing to the east of Georgia, the storm produced light winds and rainfall near the coast.[43] In South Carolina, the storm brought over 7 inches (175 mm) of precipitation to North Myrtle Beach, which caused ponding on roadways. Winds were generally light, peaking at around 35 mph (55 km/h), which caused isolated power outages.[44] Near Charleston, the passage of the storm caused moderate flooding that left some roads closed. No significant damage was reported in the state.[28]

The tropical storm made landfall just west of Cape Fear, North Carolina, near Long Beach, at 11 p.m. EDT on August 31. [45] Starting a day before landfall, moisture from Ernesto was intercepted by a frontal boundary stalled across the state, which led to prodigious rains. However, the maximum amount was 14.61 inches (371 mm) at Palmele Isle, in Wrightsville Beach, directly from the cyclone's core, and it fell mainly in one 24 hour period. [46] On the Outer Banks, standing water and waves shut down part of the main road in the area. Also, an approximately 12 mile (19 km) length of Interstate 40 was briefly closed early September 1 because of flooding. One traffic fatality in North Carolina was blamed on Ernesto.[47] Crop damage in North Carolina totaled $76 million (2006 USD).[48]

[edit] Mid-Atlantic States

Fallen tree branch in Richmond, Virginia, caused by winds from Ernesto
Fallen tree branch in Richmond, Virginia, caused by winds from Ernesto

Heavy rains from Ernesto then moved into Virginia. Wakefield, Virginia, netted 10.62 inches (258 mm) of rainfall during the cyclone's passage. [49] In Gloucester County, Ernesto's winds caused a large tree to fall on a modular home, killing the two people inside.[50] Damage in Virginia totaled to $118 million (2006 USD). [51] In St. Mary's County, Maryland, damage totaled to $4.4 million (2006 USD).[52]

Wind and rain from Ernesto cut power to over 600,000 utility customers from North Carolina to Connecticut [53] starting September 1, with Exelon's Pennsylvania unit, PECO, preparing for outages that evening. Dominion Resources's Tidewater Virginia area was among the most affected, requiring 2-3 days to restore all areas.[54] [55] During the outage, a woman died of carbon monoxide poisoning from a portable electricity generator. [56]In Pennsylvania, there were two deaths. A seven year-old boy died at a hospital, after a tree limb fell on him. A man was trying to rescue his golden retriever from a drainage steam, while he was sucked into an outflow pipe, and was found dead after being pulled out of a manhole.[57]

High tides caused by gale-force winds through September 2 swamped St. George Island in St. Mary's County, Maryland. Farther north, a general 2-4 inches (50-100 mm) of rain fell across Pennsylvania and New York. The rain in New York caused delays in the play at the 2006 U.S. Open, and washed out a whole day's play.[58]

[edit] Aftermath

On September 22, 2006, President George W. Bush declared 19 counties in Virginia as disaster areas, including the cities of Richmond and Poquoson. The declaration allowed for federal funding to assist in paying for rebuilding public facilities damaged by Ernesto's flooding.[59]

Despite the damage, the name Ernesto was not retired, and is included on the list of names for the 2012 Atlantic hurricane season.

[edit] See also

Tropical cyclones Portal

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s Richard Knabb and Michelle Mainelli (2006). Hurricane Ernesto Tropical Cyclone Report. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
  2. ^ Stewart (2006). August 22 Tropical Weather Outlook. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
  3. ^ a b c Franklin (2006). Tropical Depression Five Discussion One. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-05-25.
  4. ^ Blake & Avila (2006). Tropical Depression Five Discussion Three. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  5. ^ Mainelli & Knabb (2006). Tropical Storm Ernesto Discussion Six. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  6. ^ Avila (2006). Tropical Storm Ernesto Discussion Seven. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  7. ^ a b Stewart (2006). Tropical Storm Ernesto Discussion Eleven. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  8. ^ Pasch (2006). Tropical Storm Ernesto Discussion Thirteen. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  9. ^ Stewart (2006). Tropical Storm Ernesto Discussion Fifteen. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  10. ^ a b Avila (2006). Tropical Depression Ernesto Discussion Twenty-Four. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  11. ^ Brown & Knabb (2006). Tropical Storm Ernesto Discussion Twenty-Seven. National Hurricane Center. Retrieved on 2007-05-30.
  12. ^ a b Clare Ibberson John (2006). Local Reports from St. Vincent and the Grenadines during the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Stormcarib.com. Retrieved on 2007-05-28.
  13. ^ Stormcarib.com (2006). Local Reports from Aruba during the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Retrieved on 2007-05-28.
  14. ^ a b c d Anita Snow. "Ernesto Hits Cuba, on Track for Florida", argusleader, August 28, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-28. 
  15. ^ a b c Howard Campbell. "Ernesto Aims at Jamaica, May Hit Gulf", Associated Press, August 26, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-26. 
  16. ^ James Franklin (August 27, 2006). Tropical Storm Ernesto Public Advisory 14, 1100 PM EDT. National Hurricane Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved on 2006-08-27.
  17. ^ Anthony Boadle. "Ernesto bears down on Cuba after killing 1 in Haiti", Reuters, August 28, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-28. 
  18. ^ Jim Loney. "Ernesto weakens as it pounds Haiti", Reuters, August 27, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-28. 
  19. ^ "Cuba Suspends Domestic Flights", Presenta Latina, 2006-08-28. Retrieved on 2006-09-02. 
  20. ^ Breanne Gilpatrick, Marc Caputo, Aldo Nahed and Bob Radziewicz. "Hurricane Ernesto could take aim at Florida", The Miami Herald, August 27, 2006. Retrieved on 2008-02-24. 
  21. ^ a b c Florida State Emergency Response Team (2006). Hurricane Ernesto Situation Report #1 (PDF). Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
  22. ^ Florida State Emergency Response Team (2006). Hurricane Ernesto Situation Report #1 (PDF). Retrieved on 2008-02-22.
  23. ^ Anita Snow. "Ernesto Hits Cuba West of U.S. Air Base", abcnews, August 28, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-28. 
  24. ^ Tariq Malik. "Shuttle Atlantis Cleared for Wednesday Launch Attempt", SPACE.com, 2006-09-04. Retrieved on 2008-02-23. 
  25. ^ Peter Henderson. "Louisiana on alert for Tropical Storm Ernesto", Reuters, August 26, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-26. 
  26. ^ a b Brad Foss. "Oil Rises As Traders Watch Iran, Storm", Associated Press, August 26, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-26. 
  27. ^ Brad Foss. "Oil prices drop more than $2 a barrel", Yahoo!, August 28, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-08-28. 
  28. ^ a b Charleston, South Carolina National Weather Service (2006-09-01). Hurricane Ernesto Post Tropical Cyclone Report. Retrieved on 2008-03-11.
  29. ^ "Ernesto ebbs to tropical depression, drenches Virginia, Carolinas with rain", Ottawa Citizen/Associated Press, 2006-09-01. Retrieved on 2006-09-02. 
  30. ^ a b Stormcarib.com (2006). Local Reports from Barbados during the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Retrieved on 2007-05-28.
  31. ^ Emmanuel Moolchan (2007). The Impact of the 2006 Hurricane Season Operations for Trinidad and Tobago (PDF). Trinidad and Tobago Meteorological Service. Retrieved on 2008-03-21.
  32. ^ Stormcarib.com (2006). Local Reports from St. Eustatuis during the 2006 Atlantic hurricane season. Retrieved on 2007-05-28.
  33. ^ David Roth (2007). Rainfall Summary for Hurricane Ernesto. Hydrometeorological Prediction Center. Retrieved on 2008-02-24.
  34. ^ a b c San Martin, Nancy. "Mountains buffer Cuba from big blow", Miami Herald, 2006-08-29. Retrieved on 2006-09-02. 
  35. ^ Andrea Rodriguez. "Ernesto kills at least 2 in Haiti", Associated Press, 2006-08-29. Retrieved on 2006-09-02. 
  36. ^ International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (2006). Haiti: Floods and Tropical Storm Ernesto DREF Bulletin MDRHT001 Update No.1. Retrieved on 2006-09-15.
  37. ^ Anthony Boadle (August 28, 2006). Ernesto weakens to storm, one dead in Haiti. Mail and Guardian. Retrieved on 2006-08-28.
  38. ^ Relief Web. Relief Web's report on Ernesto. Retrieved on 2006-09-22.
  39. ^ Anthony Boadle. "UPDATE 4-Ernesto drenches Cuba on track to south Florida", Reuters, 2006-08-26. Retrieved on 2006-08-28. 
  40. ^ "Ernesto kills at least 2 in Haiti", Toronto Star, 2006-08-29. Retrieved on 2006-09-02. 
  41. ^ a b National Climatic Data Center (2006). Event Report for Florida. Retrieved on 2007-05-31.
  42. ^ "Ernesto Strands Passengers At OIA", WESH, 2006-08-31. Retrieved on 2006-09-02. 
  43. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2006). Event Report for Georgia. Retrieved on 2008-03-11.
  44. ^ National Climatic Data Center (2006). Event Report for South Carolina. Retrieved on 2008-03-11.
  45. ^ Jack Beven (2006-08-31). Tropical Storm Ernesto Public Advisory 30, 1100 PM EDT. National Hurricane Center/National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved on 2006-09-02.
  46. ^ NWS Wilmington NC. "Tropical Storm Ernesto", NWS, September 10, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-10. 
  47. ^ Mike Baker. "Ernesto knocks out power to thousands as it pushes through N.C.", The State (newspaper)/Associated Press, September 1, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-03. 
  48. ^ Jennifer Calhoun. Ernesto takes toll on crops (PDF). Fayetteville Online. Retrieved on 2008-02-24.
  49. ^ NWS Wakefield VA. "POST TROPICAL CYCLONE REPORT FOR ERNESTO", NWS, September 2, 2006. Retrieved on 2006-09-01. 
  50. ^ "2 killed by fallen tree in Gloucester", WAVY-TV. Retrieved on 2006-09-03. 
  51. ^ Low-Interest Loans Available for Tropical Depression Ernesto URL Accessed: October 31, 2006
  52. ^ Overall estimates peg damage from Ernesto in excess of $4 million Retrieved: September 30, 2006
  53. ^ The Stamford (CT) Advocate: Heavy winds knock out power
  54. ^ Reuters (2006-09-01). Ernesto power outages climb. Reuters. Retrieved on 2008-02-24.
  55. ^ Press release: "Dominion To Restore Majority Of Customers Today, Virtually All Repairs To Be Complete By Sunday", Dominion Resources, 2006-09-02
  56. ^ Ernesto's Virginia Death Toll Rises to 6
  57. ^ (Associated Press via WPVI)
  58. ^ BBC SPORT | Tennis | Murray delayed by New York rain
  59. ^ FEMA: President Declares Major Disaster For Virginia

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