Hu Yaobang
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| Hu Yaobang 胡耀邦 |
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| In office 1980 – 1987 |
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| Preceded by | Vacant, last held by Deng Xiaoping |
| Succeeded by | Zhao Ziyang |
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| In office 1981 – 1982 |
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| Preceded by | Hua Guofeng |
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| Born | November 20, 1915 Hunan, China |
| Died | April 15, 1989 (aged 73) Beijing, China |
| Nationality | Chinese |
| Political party | Communist Party of China |
Hu Yaobang (Chinese: 胡耀邦 Pinyin: Hú Yàobāng, Wade-Giles: Hu Yao-pang; November 20, 1915–April 15, 1989) was a leader of the People's Republic of China. A prominent reformer, his death in 1989 triggered a series of events which eventually led to the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.
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[edit] Early years
Hu Yaobang joined the communist revolution at an early age as a young teenager and as a supporter of Mao Zedong. He was persecuted many times by the communist cadres of the faction returning from the former-Soviet Union, who controlled the communist leadership and had the real power. Once Mao Zedong was removed from power for good shortly before the beginning of the Fourth Encirclement Campaign, his supporters were persecuted once again and this time Hu Yaobang's luck seemed to have run out: he was sentenced to death and just before the beginning of the Long March, he and others were on their way to be beheaded. However, a powerful local communist commander named Tan Yubao (谭余保, 1899 - January 10, 1980) intervened at the last minute, thus saving Hu's life, but because of Hu's support of Mao, he was deemed as unreliable and ordered to join Long March so that he could be placed under surveillance. Despite distrust from top leadership, Hu remained loyal to the communist cause and attempted to prove himself at every opportunity when fighting their nationalist (KMT) enemy. Hu Yaobang was seriously wounded at the Campaign of Xiang River, where the Chinese Red Army was disastrously defeated. However, the communist field medic teams chose not to help Hu and left him in the battlefield to die on the side of the road. Luck was on Hu's side when a childhood friend of his, a Chinese Red Army commander, happened to be passing by. Hu called out his friend's nickname to ask for help, and the friend helped him to catch up with the retreating main force of the Chinese Red Army. Thus Hu was able to get treatment for his wounds.
Hu Yaobang's luck seemed to have run out again after the Long March when he was forced to march with the communist leader Zhang Guotao's 21,800+ strong forces to cross the Yellow River in a futile attempt to expand the communist base westward in Shaanxi and to link up with the former-Soviet Union, or at least with Xinjiang under the reign of warlord Sheng Shicai, who was still allied with communists and the former-Soviet Union. Zhang Guotao's forces was soundly defeated by the local nationalist warlords, namely, the Ma clique. Hu Yaobang, along with the future defense minister of the PRC, and the future colonel general of PLA, Qin Jiwei, became two of the thousands of prisoners-of-war captured by Ma clique's forces. Compared with thousands of Chinese Red Army prisoners-of-war captured by Ma clique's forces which subsequently executed most of the prisoners-of-wars, luck proved to be once again on Hu Yaobang's side when he, along with Qin Jiwei, were among 1,500 prisoners-of-war whom Ma Bufang decided not to execute, but instead, used as slave laborers. As Chiang Kai-shek pressured Ma Bufang to contribute more of his troops to fight Japanese invaders, Ma Bufang decided that instead of using his own troops, he would instead send the 1,500 Chinese Red Army prisoners-of-war as conscripts. Since the marching route had to pass the border of the communist base, Hu Yaobang and Qin Jiwei seized this opportunity to return to the communists and organize a planned escape in secrecy. As they approached the border of the communist base in Shaanxi, the escape took place as planned and was a success: out of the total 1,500, more than 1,300 had successfully returned to Yan'an. Mao Zedong personally welcomed these returning communists and Hu Yaobang was once again back in the communist camp, where he would remain for rest of his life, though the political persecution would continue, and nobody, including Hu Yaobang himself had expected that the political persecution would come from the very communist leader Hu Yaobang once firmly supported.
[edit] Reformer
As Deng Xiaoping gradually regained control over the CPC, Deng's rival Hua Guofeng was replaced by Zhao Ziyang as Premier of the State Council in 1980, and by Hu Yaobang as Party Chairman in 1981. Hu was also made General Secretary of the Communist Party of China in 1980 but, until the mid-1990s, it was Deng who was calling the shots although his only official title was that of chairman of the Communist Party's Central Military Commission.
During his time in office, Hu tried to rehabilitate the people who were persecuted during the Cultural Revolution. Many Chinese people think that this was his most important achievement. He was also in favor of a pragmatic policy in Tibet, ordering the withdrawal of thousands of Chinese Han cadres from the Tibet Autonomous Region following a 1980 visit to the region, believing that Tibetans should be empowered to administer their own affairs.
Although Hu was a dedicated reformer and one of Deng Xiaoping's most important associates, he was later forced to resign in 1987 from his post as the General Secretary of the Communist Party of China; leaving officially on January 16. Deng forced Hu to resign on the heels of a series of student demonstrations in late 1986, believed by the hardliners as a consequence of Hu's tolerance of and perhaps his empathetic attitude towards China's liberal intelligentsia, who were pushing for more political freedom and reform. He was also accused of "making mistakes in Sino-Japanese relations".
[edit] Death and the Tiananmen protests
Hu Yaobang died due to a heart attack two years later at a Party Political Bureau meeting on April 15, 1989. In his death announcement, he was described as: "Comrade Hu Yaobang was a long-tested and staunch communist warrior, a great proletarian revolutionist and statesman, an outstanding political leader for the Chinese army". Although he was a "retired" official who had made "mistakes", public pressure forced the CPC to accord him a State Funeral attended by party leaders, and a eulogy which praised his work in restoring political norm and promoting economic development after the Cultural Revolution.
However, many people were dissatisfied with the party's slow response and relatively subdued funerary arrangements. Public mourning began on the streets of Beijing and elsewhere. In Beijing this was centred on the Monument to the People's Heroes in Tiananmen Square. The mourning became a public conduit for anger against perceived nepotism in the government, the unfair dismissal and early death of Hu, and the behind-the-scenes role of the "old men", officially retired leaders who nevertheless maintained quasi-legal power, such as Deng Xiaoping. Protests eventually escalated into the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989. Hu's ideas of freedom of speech and freedom of press in 1986 greatly influenced the students participating in the protests.
After Hu's funeral, his body was cremated. There are reports that initially his widow wanted his ashes to be buried in his home town of Liuyang. However, the local leaders hesitated to accept such a controversial bequest, and he was eventually buried at Gongqing Cheng (literally "Communist Youth City").
[edit] Possible rehabilitation
Despite the highly favorable official evaluation of Hu by the PRC government, the media was muted, and his name was not mentioned publicly after 1989. Printed media which commemorated the anniversary of his death in 1994 were withdrawn from publication.
Plans to rehabilitate Hu Yaobang were reported in the Washington Post September 9, 2005. Based on Chinese sources, the article "China Plans To Honor A Reformer" reported planning for events on November 20, the 90th anniversary of his birth. An official biography and a collection of his writings were slated for release. The biography is a source of controversy as there is a three volume biography written by former aides to Hu Yaobang which remains unpublished and has been taken into the control of the government. A memorial was planned in Hunan where he was born. While viewed by some observers as a possible preliminary step to re-evaluation of the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989, such a move continues to be rejected.
On November 18, 2005, The Communist Party officially celebrated the 90th anniversary of Hu Yaobang's birth (date was changed to two days before), with activities at the People's Hall.
Although magazines publishing commemorative articles were initially stopped from being released, the ban was lifted and these magazines were publicly issued.
This was the first time since his death that Hu's name appeared publicly. It has been suggested that he will be "rehabilitated", giving hope that the Tiananmen Square Protests might be re-evaluated by the CPC.
Memorials in recognition of the date of someone's birth or death are often signs of political trends within China, with some pointing to the prospect of further reform. This is countered however by other recent statements from the Party that it should learn from the ideologies of Cuba and North Korea.
Some political analysts have argued that the current administration under President Hu Jintao wishes to associate itself with the popular Hu Yaobang. Both rose to power through the Communist Youth League, and are described as part of the same "Youth League Clique". Hu Yaobang was also responsible for promoting Hu Jintao to the CPC central office.
[edit] See also
- Politics of the People's Republic of China
- History of the People's Republic of China
- Hu Deping, son of Hu Yaobang
- Zhang Zhixin
[edit] External links
| Party political offices | ||
|---|---|---|
| Preceded by none |
First Secretary of the Communist Youth League of China 1957 – 1978 |
Succeeded by Han Ying |
| Preceded by Zhang Desheng |
Secretary of the CPC Shaanxi Committee 1964 – 1965 |
Succeeded by Huo Shilian |
| Preceded by Guo Yufeng |
Head of CPC Central Organization Department 1977 – 1978 |
Succeeded by Song Renqiong |
| Preceded by Hua Guofeng |
Chairman of the Communist Party of China 1981–1982 |
Succeeded by none (position abolished) |
| Preceded by Deng Xiaoping (position vacant since 1957) |
General Secretary of the Communist Party of China 1980–1987 |
Succeeded by Zhao Ziyang |
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