Henley-in-Arden

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Henley-in-Arden
Henley-in-Arden (Warwickshire)
Henley-in-Arden

Henley-in-Arden shown within Warwickshire
Population 2,011[1] (parish)
2,797 (urban area)
OS grid reference SP1566
Parish Henley-in-Arden
District Stratford-on-Avon
Shire county Warwickshire
Region West Midlands
Constituent country England
Sovereign state United Kingdom
Post town HENLEY-IN-ARDEN
Postcode district B95
Dialling code 01564
Police Warwickshire
Fire Warwickshire
Ambulance West Midlands
European Parliament West Midlands
UK Parliament Warwick and Leamington
List of places: UK • England • Warwickshire

Coordinates: 52°17′28″N 1°46′41″W / 52.291, -1.778

Henley-in-Arden (also known as simply Henley) is a small town in Warwickshire, England. The name is a reference to the former Forest of Arden. In the 2001 census the town had a population of 2,011.[1]

Henley is known for its variety of historic buildings, some of which date back to medieval times. The High Street of Henley is a conservation area.

Contents

[edit] Location and geography

Henley-in-Arden is roughly 5 miles west of Warwick, 15 miles from Birmingham, and 8 miles from Stratford upon Avon (where the road between Stratford and Henley is named Henley Street1).[2][3]

It is located in a valley of the River Alne[2], which separates Henley from the adjacent settlement of Beaudesert. Henley and Beaudesert effectively form a single entity, and share a joint parish council, although Beaudesert is a separate civil parish.

The town lies at a crossroads between the A3400 and A4189 roads and is the starting point for the circular Arden Way path. It also lies on the Heart of England Way.

In the 2001 census the population of the civil parish of Henley-in-Arden was 2,011 [1]. Whilst the population of its urban area which includes Beaudesert was 2,797 [4].

[edit] History

Aerial photo of Henley-in-Arden
Aerial photo of Henley-in-Arden

Henley-in-Arden is not listed in the Domesday Book and may not have existed until the 12th century. The first record of the town is in a legal instrument drawn during the reign of Henry II. It was originally a hamlet of Wootton Wawen, on Feldon Street, the original route out of the Forest of Arden.[5][6][7]

In the 11th century, Thurstan de Montfort constructed Beaudesert Castle, a motte and bailey castle, on the hill above Beaudesert. In 1140, the Empress Matilda granted the right to hold a market at the castle and Henley became a prosperous market town, conveniently located on the Birmingham-to-Stratford road. In 1220 in the reign of Henry III, the lord of the manor, Peter de Montfort, procured the grant of a weekly market, and an annual fair to last two days, for the town.[8][6][7]

The prosperity came to an end however during the Second Barons' War when, in 1265, Peter de Montfort died fighting at the Battle of Evesham. The royalist forces won, and the town and castle were burnt in reprisal. The town and castle recovered however and Henley became a borough in 1296. In 1315 all of the recorded townsfolk were freemen. The King stayed at the castle for 7 days in January 1324.[9] By 1336 the market was so prosperous that the inhabitants were able to obtain a licence from Edward III to impose a local sales tax on all goods brought to the market, for a period of three years, in order to pay for the cost of paving the streets.[6][7][10][11]

The Lord of the Manor, Peter de Montfort 3rd Baron Montfort, as Commissioner of Array for Warwickshire sent 160 archers to the Battle of Crecy during the Hundred Years' War in 1346.[12]

By the 15th century, the lords of the manor were the Boteler family. Sir Ralph Boteler, Lord Sudley obtained a charter from Henry VI in 1449, confirming the grant of the weekly market, and a grant for two annual fairs.[7][13]

The town suffered another misfortune during the English Civil War, when in 1643 it was plundered by Prince Rupert.[citation needed]

As a non-chartered market town, Henley's administration was based upon a manorial court. Under the lord of the manor were a high bailiff, a low bailiff, a third-borough, a constable, and pairs of ale-tasters, Chamberlains, brooklookers, leathersealers, fieldreeves, and affearers. Officials were chosen annually by a meeting of former bailiffs and constables, and were members of the jury of the biannual court leet. The bailiff, accompanied by his predecessors, would formally open the annual town fair. The town hall was inherited from a medieval guild.[14]

The records of the court leet and the court baron in Henley date from 1592 onwards. The court rolls are largely concerned with (in Dyer's words) modest problems, such as preventing the poor from migrating into the town (which burgers considered would become a burden on the rates and result in the destruction of hedges for fuel), the ringing of loose pigs, and the prevention of horses being parked in the streets. The poor were a significant problem for Henley's court leet. In the early 17th century there was a marked increase in the landless poor, squatting on commons and on wasteland in the Forest of Arden, and such people were generally regarded as violent and criminal by townsfolk. Between 1590 and 1620 there were a disproportionate number of people, relative to the size of the population, presented by the court leet for engaging in violent affray, something which Underdown states to be "surely no coincidence".[15][14][16]

In Love's Labours Lost Rosaline says "Better wits have worn plain Statute Caps.". This is believed to be a reference to events in Henley during the writing of that play, before its publication, when the denizens of Henley were prosecuted in the court leet for being in breach of a statute (enacted with the aim of ensuring economic support for the wool industry) that required the wearing of woollen caps on Sundays and other holy days.[15]

By 1814, Henley had a weekly market every Monday, three annual fairs (on Lady Day; on Tuesday in Whitsunday-week, for cattle; and on October 29 for horses, cattle, sheep, and hops), and a population in 1811 (according to returns made to Parliament) of 1,055 (with 242 inhabited houses and 12 uninhabited houses).[7][17]

Although the castle no longer remains, several other historical buildings and structures still exist in the town, such as the churches of St Nicholas and St John the Baptist, the 15th century Guildhall (which has been restored), the medieval market cross (much of the decoration of whose shaft has been mutilated but which has three ranges of kneeling places and sculptures representing the Holy Trinity, the cruxifiction of Jesus, and, it is believed, St Peter), the 16th century White Swan, and several timbered residences along High Street, the main street of the town.[6][7]

[edit] Lunatic asylums

Historically, Henley has had several private lunatic asylums. The first was licensed in 1744, which housed pauper lunatics at the expense of the parish. Another was run by Thomas Burman in 1795, who charged "one guinea/week for board and medicines, the patient finding their own linen and washing. If any person chuses a servant constantly to attend on them, board and wages are separately considered.".[18][19]

[edit] Transport

British Railways Western Region "totem" for Henley-in-Arden station.
British Railways Western Region "totem" for Henley-in-Arden station.

Henley-in-Arden has a railway station on the Birmingham to Stratford Line and has regular rail services to Birmingham and Stratford-upon-Avon.

The town lies a few miles south-west of the M40 motorway, which links Birmingham and London.

[edit] People from Henley

The prolific writer of hymns, Benjamin Beddome (1717–1795), was born in the town. Many of his hymns are in the General Baptist Hymn Book.

William James (1771–1837), pioneer railway promoter, was born in Henley.[20]

[edit] Footnotes

  • Note 1: The road out of Alcester leading to Henley is also called Henley Street, a name that is in frequent use from 1772 onwards. However, at least one document before than time, a lease from 1597, calls it "Hyghe Street".[21]

[edit] References

[edit] Specific

  1. ^ a b c ONS Neighborhood statistics
  2. ^ a b George Warmington (1842). The fall of Leicester: a dramatic poem. London: Simpkin, Marshall and co., 1.  (in a footnote)
  3. ^ Henry Norman Hudson, Israel Gollancz, and C.H. Herford (1909). The Aldus Shakespeare. Bigelow Smith, 3. 
  4. ^ 2001 urban areas headcounts
  5. ^ Lennard, Reginald Vivian (1959). Rural England, 1086–1135: A Study of Social and Agrarian Conditions. Clarendon Press. 
  6. ^ a b c d Sarah Valente Kettler and Carole Trimble (2004). The Amateur Historians Guide to the Heart of England: Nearly 200 Medieval and Tudor Sites. Capital Books, 123. ISBN 1892123657. 
  7. ^ a b c d e f John Britton, Joseph Nightingale, James Norris Brewer, John Evans, John Hodgson, Francis Charles Laird, Frederic Shoberl, John Bigland, Thomas Rees, Thomas Hood, John Harris, and Edward Wedlake Brayley (1814). The Beauties of England and Wales. London: Longman and co. (and 10 others), 272–273. 
  8. ^ Terry Slater (1981). A History of Warwickshire. Phillimore & Co Ltd, 56–57. 
  9. ^ Calendar Patent Rolls, 1321-4. PRO, 360. 
  10. ^ Marie B. Rowlands (1987). The West Midlands from Ad 1000. Longman Publishing Group, 27. 
  11. ^ Calendar Patent Rolls, 1334-8. PRO, 310. 
  12. ^ William Dugdale. The Antiquities of Warwickshire, 803. 
  13. ^ F. C. Wellstood (1919). Records of the Manor of Henley in Arden, Warwickshire. Shakespeare Press, Stratford upon Avon. 
  14. ^ a b Alan Dyer (2001). "Small Market Towns 1540–1700", in Martin Daunton: The Cambridge Urban History of Britain. Cambridge University Press, 448. ISBN 0521417074. 
  15. ^ a b Owen Hood Phillips (2005). Shakespeare And The Lawyers. Routledge, 36. ISBN 0415353130. 
  16. ^ Underdown, David (1987). Revel, Riot, and Rebellion: Popular Politics and Culture in England 1603-1660. Oxford University Press, 34. ISBN 0192851934. 
  17. ^ William Cobbett (1832). A geographical dictionary of England and Wales. London: William Cobbett, 388. 
  18. ^ Marlene Ann Arieno (1989). Victorian Lunatics: a social epidemiology of mental illness in mid-nineteenth century England. Susquehanna University Press, 24. ISBN 0945636032. 
  19. ^ Charlotte MacKenzie (1992). Psychiatry for the Rich: : a History of Ticehurst Private Asylum, 1792–1917. Routledge, 39. ISBN 0415088917. 
  20. ^ Miles Macnair (2007). William James (1771-1837): the man who discovered George Stephenson. Oxford: Railway and Canal Historical Society. ISBN 978-0-901461-54-4. 
  21. ^ George Edward Saville and Alcester and District Local History Society Staff (1986). Alcester—a History. Brewin Books, 151. 

[edit] General

  • Allen, Geoff (2000). Warwickshire Towns & Villages. Wilmslow: Sigma Leisure. ISBN 1 85058 642 X. 

[edit] Further reading

  • William Cooper (1946). Henley-in-Arden: An ancient market town and its surroundings. Birmingham: Cornish Brothers. 
  • George Thomas Noszlopy (2003). Public Sculpture of Warwickshire, Coventry and Solihull. Liverpool University, 42. ISBN 0853238472.  – more information about Henley's market cross
  • R Charles Welham (1993-05-24). Henley-in-Arden : life from the past. Studley: Brewin. ISBN 1858580188. 

[edit] External links

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