Hadera
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| Hadera | ||
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| Hebrew | חֲדֵרָה | |
| Name meaning | Green (in Arabic) | |
| Founded in | 1890 | |
| Government | City | |
| District | Haifa | |
| Coordinates | Coordinates: | |
| Population | 76,300 (2006) | |
| Jurisdiction | 53,000 dunams (53 km²) | |
| Mayor | Chaim Avitan | |
Hadera (Hebrew: חֲדֵרָה Ḥadera; Arabic: الخضيرة Al-Ḫuḍayraḧ, El-Khdera) is a city located in the Haifa District of Israel approximately half-way between the major cities of Tel Aviv and Haifa. The city has grown from its foundation in 1891 by Eastern European members of the Zionist group, Hovevei Zion, to one of a population of 76,300. In the city center is a synagogue, along with remnants of an Arab inn, which was purchased with the land and served as the first house of the pioneers.
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[edit] History
Hadera was founded in 1891, at the dawn of modern Zionism by Eastern European immigrants who were members of the Zionist group Hovevei Zion on land purchased by Yehoshua Hankin, who was known as the Redeemer of the Valley.[1] The land was purchased from Christian effendi Selim Khuri.[2] The purchase of the land was the largest so far in Palestine by Zionist groups, although was of low quality, with most of it being swampland.[2] Before its purchase, the land had hardly any residents apart from a few families belonging to small tribes who were mainly shepherds raising water buffaloes and selling reeds.[2] The town derives its name from the Arabic word khadra, meaning "green" in reference to the wild weeds which covered the marshes on which the town is built.[1] The initial settlers lived in a house known as the Khan which is next to the main synagogue of the city.[3]
The first settlers of the town were decimated by the malaria-breeding swamps, however, as the city's cemetery bears witness. 210 of the initial 540 residents died.[4] Initially, Hadera was a lonely outpost of just 10 families and 4 guards. In its early years, however, the town had issues with land ownership, and having drained the swamps with the aid of Egyptian workers sent to them by Baron Edmond de Rothschild,[5] and cultivating the area, Bedouin's continued to graze cattle in the fields and even cut some of the crops.[2] Relations between the residents of Hadera and Bedouins were poor and guarding of the field was designated to the HaShomer organisation.[2] Land disputes in the area went away until the 1930's, by which time, the population had grown to 2,002 in 1931.[2][1] Free schooling was introduced in the city in 1937 in all schools apart from the Histadrut school.[6]
Included in the immigrants to the city were not only Russian and other European immigrants but also 40 Yemenite families.[4] In 1953, Israel's first paper mill opened in Hadera. Sponsored by investors from within Israel as well as from the United States, Brazil, and Australia, the mill was designed to meet all of Israel's paper needs.[7]
Today Hadera is over 75,000 in population.[1] Hadera, considered a relatively safe place by its citizens, was jolted by several acts of terrorism over the course of a few years, including a suicide bomber who blew himself up at a falafel stand on October 26, 2005, killing five civilians. However, since the construction of the nearby West Bank barrier, the frequency of such incidents has dropped drasticly. On August 4, 2006, three rockets fired by Hezbollah hit Hadera. Hadera is 50 miles (80 km) south of the Lebanese border and marked the farthest point inside Israel that Hezbollah hit.
[edit] Demographics
According to CBS, in 2001 the ethnic makeup of the city was 99.2% Jewish and other non-Arab, with no significant Arab population. There are 776 immigrant settlers. See Population groups in Israel.
According to CBS, in 2001 there were 35,700 males and 37,400 females. The population of the city was spread out with 32.9% 19 years of age or younger, 15.4% between 20 and 29, 18.8% between 30 and 44, 17.3% from 45 to 59, 4.0% from 60 to 64, and 11.7% 65 years of age or older. The population growth rate in 2001 was 1.7%.
[edit] Income
According to CBS, as of 2000, in the city there were 27,920 salaried workers and 1,819 are self-employed. The mean monthly wage in 2000 for a salaried worker in the city is ILS 5,135, a real change of 8.0% over the course of 2000. Salaried males have a mean monthly wage of ILS 6,607 (a real change of 9.0%) versus ILS 3,598 for females (a real change of 3.1%). The mean income for the self-employed is 6,584. There are 1,752 people who receive unemployment benefits and 6,753 people who receive an income guarantee.
[edit] Education
According to CBS, there are 42 schools and 15,622 students in the city. They are spread out as 24 elementary schools and 7,933 elementary school students, and 21 high schools and 7,689 high school students. 57.5% of 12th grade students were entitled to a matriculation certificate in 2001.
In 1987 Israel's first Democratic school was started in Hadera - the Democratic School of Hadera.
[edit] Neighborhoods
[edit] Twin cities
Nuremberg, Germany since 1995
Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States since 1981
Haren (Groningen), Netherlands
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d Hadera. Retrieved on 2008-03-06.
- ^ a b c d e f Google Books The claim of dispossession: Jewish land-settlement and the Arabs, 1878-1948 By Aryeh L. Avneri
- ^ Google BooksIsrael and the Palestinian Territories: The Rough Guide By Rough Guides, Daniel Jacobs, Shirley Eber,
- ^ a b Google Books Israel Handbook: With the Palestinian Authority Areas By Dave Winter
- ^ Martin Gilbert Israel a History, p 9
- ^ Google BooksThe Founding Myths of Israel: Nationalism, Socialism, and the Making of the ...By Zeev Sternhell,
- ^ "FIRST PAPER MILL OPENED IN ISRAEL; Plant at Hadera Is Expected to Help Nation Cut Currency Gap $1,000,000 a Year", New York Times, 1953-12-18. Retrieved on 2008-03-14.
[edit] External links
- City of Hadera (Hebrew)
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