Goitrogen

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Goitrogens are substances that suppress the function of the thyroid gland by interfering with iodine uptake which can, as a result, cause an enlargement of the thyroid, i.e. a goitre.

1 Goitrogenic drugs
2 Goitrogenic foods
3 Foods stimulating thyroid tissue
4 Footnotes
5 External links
6 See also

[edit] Goitrogenic drugs

Chemicals that have been shown to have goitrogenic effects include:

Sulfadimethoxine, propylthiouracil, potassium perchlorate, and iopanoic acid.^[1]
Thiocyanate overload in Central Africa, especially if also in conjunction with selenium deficiency.^[2] Reliance on cassava as a carbohydrate provides a source of thiocyanate in some areas.^[3]
Ions such as thiocyanate and perchlorate decrease iodide uptake by competitive inhibition and, as a consequence of reduced thyroxine and triiodothyronine secretion by the gland, cause an increased release of thyrotropin (by reduced negative feedback) which then stimulates the gland.

[edit] Goitrogenic foods

Certain foods have been identified as goitrogenic. These foods include:

Soybeans (and soybean products such as tofu)
Pine nuts
Peanuts
Millet
Strawberries
Peaches
Spinach
Bamboo shoots
Radishes
Horseradish
Vegetables in the genus Brassica
- Bok choy
- Broccoli
- Broccolini (Asparations)
- Brussels sprouts
- Cabbage
- Canola
- Cauliflower
- Chinese cabbage
- Choy sum
- Collard greens
- Kai-lan (Chinese broccoli)
- Kale
- Kohlrabi
- Mizuna
- Mustard greens
- Rapeseed (yu choy)
- Rapini
- Rutabagas
- Tatsoi
- Turnips

[edit] Foods stimulating thyroid tissue

Some foods and drinks have an opposite effect on the thyroid gland--that is, they stimulate thyroid function rather than suppressing it; examples being avocado, coconut,^[4] and saturated fat.^[5] Indeed some studies on rats suggest that excess caffeine in conjunction with a lack of iodine may promote the formation of thyroid cancers.^[6] Despite being generally a stimulant, caffeine (examples: coffee, tea, cola, chocolate) acts on thyroid function as a suppressant."Caffeine, Calcium and the Thyroid Nutritional Linkages to Thyroid Disease and Thyroid Drugs".

[edit] Footnotes

^ Takizawa T, Imai T, Ueda M, Onodera H, Hirose M (2006). "Comparison of enhancing effects of different goitrogen treatments in combination with beta-estradiol-3-benzoate for establishing a rat two-stage thyroid carcinogenesis model to detect modifying effects of estrogenic compounds". Cancer Sci. 97 (1): 25–31. doi:10.1111/j.1349-7006.2005.00132.x. PMID 16367917.
^ Vanderpas J (2006). "Nutritional epidemiology and thyroid hormone metabolism". Annu. Rev. Nutr. 26: 293–322. doi:10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.010506.103810. PMID 16704348.
^ Akindahunsi AA, Grissom FE, Adewusi SR, Afolabi OA, Torimiro SE, Oke OL (1998). "Parameters of thyroid function in the endemic goitre of Akungba and Oke-Agbe villages of Akoko area of southwestern Nigeria". African journal of medicine and medical sciences 27 (3-4): 239–42. PMID 10497657.
^ Siddhanti SR, King MW, Tove SB (1990). "Influence of dietary fat on factors in serum that regulate thyroid cell metabolism" (PDF). J. Nutr. 120 (11): 1297–304. PMID 2172489.
Thyroid hyperplasia has been demonstrated in mice:
* "Toxicology and carcinogenesis studies of coconut oil acid diethanolamine condensate (CAS No. 68603-42-9) in F344/N rats and B6C3F1 mice (dermal studies)" (2001). National Toxicology Program technical report series 479: 5–226. PMID 12571684.
^ Denice Moffat. Bad Foods for Thyroid. Retrieved on 2007-10-12.
^ Son HY, Nishikawa A, Kanki K, et al (2003). "Synergistic interaction between excess caffeine and deficient iodine on the promotion of thyroid carcinogenesis in rats pretreated with N-bis(2-hydroxypropyl)nitrosamine". Cancer Sci. 94 (4): 334–7. PMID 12824900.