GIMP

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For other uses, see Gimp.
GIMP
Wilber, The GIMP mascot

GIMP 2.4 running on GNOME.
Developed by The GIMP Development Team
Initial release 1995
Stable release 2.4.6  (May 30, 2008 (2008-05-30); 12 days ago) [+/−]
Preview release 2.5  (April 10, 2008 (2008-04-10); 62 days ago) [+/−]
Written in C
Platform Cross-platform
Available in Multilingual[1]
Development status Active
Genre Raster graphics editor
License GNU General Public License
Website www.gimp.org

The Gnu Image Manipulation Program, or GIMP, is a raster graphics editor used to process digital graphics and photographs. Typical uses include creating graphics and logos, resizing and cropping photos, altering colours, combining multiple images, removing unwanted image features, and converting between different image formats.[2] GIMP can also be used to create basic animated images in GIF format. It is often used as a free software replacement for Adobe Photoshop, the most widely used bitmap editor in the printing and graphics industries; however, it is not designed to be a Photoshop clone.[3] The project's mascot is named Wilber.

The project was started in 1995 by Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis and is now maintained by a group of volunteers under the auspices of the GNU Project.[4] The latest version of GIMP, v. 2.4.6, was released on May 30, 2008. Available under the terms of the GNU General Public License, GIMP is free software, however this (as with all software licensed under GPL) is a reference to your ability to modify the source-code, rather than be able to use it gratis.

Contents

[edit] Features

Brushes dialog in GNOME
Brushes dialog in GNOME

GIMP's manipulation tools can be accessed via the toolbox, menu paths, and dialog boxes (which can be grouped in docks). They include filters and brushes, as well as transformation, selection, layer and masking tools.

For example, GIMP comes with 48 standard brushes, plus facilities to create new ones. Brushes (and brush tools) can be used in hard-edged, soft-edged, or eraser modes, be applied at different opacities, or used with different modes for composition.

[edit] Color support

GIMP also has a palette with RGB, HSV, color wheel, CMYK, and mixing modes, plus tools to pick colors from the image with various averaging options. There is support for hexadecimal color codes (as used in HTML). (Note that 'CMYK' colors are immediately translated into RGB when used; GIMP does not have any built-in support for CMYK mixtures that cannot be represented in RGB, such as rich blacks, though they can be simulated to a limited extent with third-party add-ons.)

GIMP supports gradients, which integrate into its other tools (such as brushes and fills) to shade image areas with automated color blending. It includes a variety of built-in gradients, and as with the brushes, also allows the user to customize and create their own gradient fills.

[edit] Selection and masking tools

Animation showing three docked and tabbed dialogs: layers, channels, and paths.
Animation showing three docked and tabbed dialogs: layers, channels, and paths.

GIMP can perform rectangular or circular selection, freehand selection, and "by color" selection. Alternatively, the Smart Selection tool, known as the "Magic Wand", can be used to select contiguous regions. The Intelligent Scissors (iScissors) tool can be used to auto-create paths between regions defined by strong color-changes. the 'Foreground select' tool is available since 2.4 uses vision science to select an object in the foreground with some few mouse strokes by the user.

GIMP has support for layers, including transparent layers, which can be shown, hidden, or made semitransparent. It also supports transparent and semitransparent images. Channels add different types of opacity and color effects to images.

[edit] Paths

Paths containing line segments or Bezier curves can be created using the Path tool. Paths can be named, saved, and painted (or "stroked") with brushes, patterns, or various line styles. Paths can also be used to create complex selections.

[edit] Effects, scripts and filters

GIMP has approximately 150 standard effects and filters, including Drop Shadow, Blur, Motion blur and Noise.

GIMP operations can be automated with scripting languages. A Scheme interpreter named Script-Fu is built in (but switched to TinyScheme as of GIMP 2.4.), and external Perl, Python, or Tcl can be used. Ruby support is in experimental development. These scripts and plugins for GIMP can be used interactively, or combined non-interactively.

[edit] Development

GIMP is primarily developed by unpaid volunteers. The GIMP project uses a development branch of GIMP where new features are added regularly and a stable branch which only receives bug fixes between major versions. Like other free software projects the stable and development branches are denoted with even and odd numbers respectively after the first decimal point in the version number. The current stable version of GIMP is 2.4.6  (May 30, 2008 (2008-05-30); 12 days ago). The current development version of GIMP is 2.5.0. Major changes from version 1.2 to version 2.2 included a more polished user interface, further separation of the user interface and back-end and the ability to use brushes that would normally only be able to be used on Photoshop programs. Major changes from version 2.2 to version 2.4 included color management support, scalable brushes, new and rewritten selection tools and overall user interface changes.[5]

For the future it is planned to base GIMP on a more generic graphical library called GEGL, thereby addressing some fundamental design limitations that prevent many enhancements such as native CMYK support. Implementation of this plan was continually put off from 2000 until October 2006, when developer Øyvind Kolås demonstrated a limited working version of GEGL, including a new graphical interface, that had been developed by Sven Neumann, Michael Natterer, and Kolås.[6]

GIMP's user interface is built using GTK+, a widget toolkit originally written for the program. GTK+, as the GIMP Toolkit, was initially a part of the GIMP source tree, but has since been refactored due to its usefulness outside the scope of GIMP. GTK+ is also used as the widget toolkit for the GNOME desktop environment. GTK+ was intended as a replacement for Motif, a proprietary toolkit on which GIMP originally depended. GIMP and GTK+ were originally designed for the X Window System running on Unix-like operating systems, but have since been ported to Microsoft Windows, Mac OS X, and SkyOS.

[edit] Release history

 Please help improve this article or section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion. (February 2008)

Based in part on GIMP - History.[7]

Colour Meaning
Red Old release; not supported
Yellow Old release; still supported
Green Current version
Blue Future release
Major Version Minor Version(s) Release Date Code Name Significant Changes
0.x 0.54 - 0.99.31 February 15, 1996 ?
1.0.x 1.0.0 - 1.0.3 June 5, 1998 ?
1.2.x 1.2.0 - 1.2.5 December 25, 2000 Improvements of user interface, bug fixes.
2.0.x 2.0.0 - 2.0.6 March 23, 2004 Many new tool options, GIMP now using GTK2+ graphical toolkit, not GTK+. Tabs and Docks system introduced. Script-fu scripting support improved greatly. Allows already-created text to be edited. CMYK color support.
2.2.x 2.2.0 - 2.2.17 December 19, 2004 New plugins support, keyboard shortcut editor, previews for transform tools. New GIMP hardware controllers support. Drag/drop and copy/paste from GIMP to other applications improved.
2.4.x 2.4.0 October 24, 2007 Color management support, scalable brushes, new and rewritten selection tools and overall user interface changes (new icon theme). Increased file format support. Full screen editing, and new crop tools. Improved printing quality. Improved interface for external device input.
2.4.1 October 31, 2007 Bugfixes?
2.4.2 November 20, 2007 Bugfixes?
2.4.3 December 16, 2007 Bugfixes?
2.4.4 January 30, 2008 Bugfixes?
2.4.5 March 1, 2008 Bugfixes.
2.4.6 May 30, 2008 Bugfixes.
2.6.x
2.6.0 planned GEGL, and first iteration of UI redesign

[edit] Distribution

GIMP 2.4.5 running on Windows Vista
GIMP 2.4.5 running on Windows Vista

GIMP is available for a variety of operating systems and computer architectures. There are a number of variations and derivative programs, including ports to other operating systems and forks with task- or OS-specific modifications. The GIMP website does not distribute compiled versions of GIMP, only the project's source code.

GIMP 2.2.8 running under X11 on Mac OS X
GIMP 2.2.8 running under X11 on Mac OS X

GIMP is included as the standard image editor on most general purpose Linux distributions, including Debian GNU/Linux, ubuntu, Mandriva, SUSE, and Fedora.

A port of GIMP to Microsoft Windows was started by Finnish programmer Tor "tml" Lillqvist in 1997. The GIMP website links to binary installers compiled by Jernej Simončič for the platform.[8]


[edit] Variants

GIMPVS is a GTK+ and GIMP Distribution compiled using Microsoft compilers. The Distribution aims at providing artists a stable GIMP on Microsoft platforms and developers access to GTK+ and GIMP development directly from Microsoft Visual Studio (2005 and 2008 editions). The latest GTK libraries are included GTK 2.15.0 comes ready to use in both Debug and Release versions [9]

Seashore is a program based on GIMP for Mac that uses the native Cocoa interface in Mac OS X. The program is currently in beta (0.1.9) and includes only a small subset of the many filters available in GIMP.

Gimp.app provides a self-contained application bundle of GIMP for Mac OS X. Gimp.app has many features that Seashore does not have, but being built upon the GTK for its GUI features, it requires a version of Apple's X11 to run it.[10]

A project named osx-gimp provides native builds of GIMP on Mac OS X using GTK+ built for Quartz. It is mostly functional, but there is currently limited support for the Quartz backend of GTK+, and it is considered a beta version.[11]

CinePaint, formerly known as "Film Gimp", is a fork of GIMP version 1.0.4, used for frame-by-frame retouching of feature film. The present "Film Gimp" version supports up to 32-bit IEEE-floating point color depth/channel. Unlike GIMP, CinePaint has support for color management, HDR, and much more. CinePaint is used primarily within the film industry due mainly to its support of high-fidelity image formats.

[edit] Interface and usability

As an application originally intended only for the X Window System, GIMP does not attempt to manage its own windows, but entirely delegates this responsibility to the window manager. GIMP uses a (controlled) single document interface, and it also uses multiple windows for its tools, color palette, and so forth. This behaviour is not well supported on most platforms because most programs use either a multiple document interface or an SDI with integrated toolbars. The GIMP approach avoids the MDI problem of windows being constrained within a larger window, without requiring the additional code that most other applications use to solve this problem; but it is also a frequent cause of criticism. It generally leads to desktop clutter, and to the situation where the toolbox and layer windows end up hidden behind other unrelated applications, forcing users to manage the windows themselves. A partial solution is available by choosing a window manager that implements certain very particular functionality; however, this functionality is not available at all on Microsoft Windows, and is also not present in popular Linux window managers such as Compiz Fusion. In recognition of these issues, the GIMP developers have been investigating other solutions, and future versions of the program are expected to introduce a better interface.

GIMPshop is a modification to GIMP, rearranging its user interface to mimic that of Adobe Photoshop by renaming functions and rearranging menus; on Windows this also includes the use of a multiple document interface.

GIMP is often criticized as having other usability problems.[12] A special edition called Instrumented GIMP was created at the University of Waterloo, which tracks and reports user interaction with the program, to generate statistics to guide future improvements.

[edit] Comparison and compatibility with Adobe Photoshop

GIMP is sometimes preferred as a replacement for the proprietary Adobe Photoshop software. Thus, comparisons between the two are often a topic of spirited debate.[13] There are significant differences between the two packages. For example, Photoshop is not compatible with GIMP plugins or scripts. GIMP features offer no or (with the PSPI plug-in) very weak support for plugins designed for Photoshop, such as 8BF filters.[14]

Photoshop does not support GIMP's native XCF file format, but GIMP can read and write most Photoshop native PSD format files.

Like Photoshop, GIMP features support for 8-bit per-channel images. Its Intelligent Scissors are similar to Photoshop's Magnetic Lasso tool, and many basic tools and filters have identical functionality in both.

GIMP and Photoshop differ in their color management features in ways that matter to some users. Photoshop has support for 16-bit, 32-bit, and floating point images,[15] support for the Pantone color matching system, or spot color and support for color models other than RGB(A) and greyscale, such as CMYK and CIE XYZ. GIMP, like other open source applications, does not support Pantone numbers for spot colors because of legal issues;[16] it has basic CMYK support.[17] Photoshop features extensive gamma correction support.

In addition, Photoshop contains several productivity features and tools not supported by GIMP, such as native support for Adjustment layers (layers which act like filters),[18] undo history "snapshots" that persist between sessions, the history brush tool, folders in the layer window, layer styles, a free transform tool to rotate, scale and move in one tool, and text blending options like drop shadow and glow. GIMP also requires basic programming knowledge to build an automation upon it, usually Script-Fu (scheme) or Python-Fu, while Photoshop can record the user's actions and repeat them with a "Play" button. However, Photoshop's automation is not as powerful as GIMP's.[19]

GIMP's open development model means that it is much more readily available and at zero cost, on more operating systems, plugin development is not limited by developers and as such has no need to compete with Photoshop; by comparison, access to Adobe Photoshop's SDK requires authorization[20] and the commercially produced software is in competition with Corel Paint Shop Pro as well as the other Open Source, GNU or otherwise freely available manipulation applications.

[edit] File types

GIMP has support for opening and saving to a large number of different file formats.[21] Its native format is XCF, named after the computing facility where GIMP was authored.

GIMP has read/write support for popular image formats such as bitmap, JPEG, PNG, GIF and TIFF, along with the file formats of several other applications such as Autodesk flic animations, Paintshop Pro images and Adobe Photoshop Documents. Other formats with read/write support include PostScript documents, X bitmap image and Zsoft PCX. GIMP can also read and write path information from SVG files. GIMP can also read/write ICO Windows icon files.

GIMP can import Adobe PDF documents and the raw image formats used by many digital cameras, but cannot save to these formats.

GIMP can export to MNG layered image files and HTML (as a table with coloured cells), C source code files (as an array) and ASCII Art (using a plugin to represent images with characters and punctuation making up images), though it cannot read these formats.

[edit] History

GIMP originally stood for General Image Manipulation Program.[22] Its creators, Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis, began developing GIMP as a semester-long project at the University of California, Berkeley in 1995.[23] The name was changed to the GNU Image Manipulation Program in 1997, after Kimball and Mattis had graduated, when it became an official part of the GNU Project.[24]

[edit] GIMP 0.54

GIMP 0.54 was released in January 1996.[25][26] It required X11 displays, an X-server that supported the X shared memory extension and Motif 1.2 widgets. It supported 8, 15, 16 and 24-bit color depths, dithering for 8-bit displays and could view images as rgb color, grayscale or indexed color. It could simultaneously edit multiple images, zoom and pan in real-time, and supported GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF and XPM images.[22]

Even at this early stage of development GIMP functionality was extensive. It could select regions using rectangle, ellipse, free, fuzzy, bezier and intelligent selection tools, and rotate, scale, shear and flip images. It had bucket, brush and airbrush painting tools, and could clone, convolve and blend images. It had text tools, effects filters (such as blur and edge detect) and channel and color operations (such as add, composite, decompose). The plugin system allowed for addition of new file formats and new effect filters. It supported multiple undo and redo operations.[22]

It ran on Linux 1.2.13, Solaris 2.4, HP-UX 9.05, SGI IRIX operating systems.[22] It was rapidly adopted by users[27][28] who created tutorials, displayed artwork and shared techniques.[25][26] An early success for the GIMP was the Linux penguin Tux, as drawn by Larry Ewing using Gimp 0.54.[29] By July 5, 1996 the volume of messages posted to the mailing list had risen and the mailing list was split into two lists, gimp-developer and gimp-user. Currently, user questions are directed to the gimpnet irc channel.[25][26]

[edit] GIMP .60

GIMP 0.60 was released on June 6, 1997[30] using the GNU General Public License.[31] According to the release notes, Peter Mattis was working for Hewlett-Packard and Spencer Kimball was working as a java programmer.[32]

GIMP 0.60 no longer depended on the Motif toolkit. Improvements had been made to the painting tools, airbrush, channel operations, palettes, blend tool modes, image panning and transformation tools. The editing workflow was improved by enabling rulers, cutting and pasting between all image types, cloning between all image types and ongoing development of a layers dialog.

New tools included new brushes (and a new brush file format), grayscale and RGB transparency,"Bucket fill" patterns and a pattern selection dialog, integrated paint modes, border, feather and color selectors, a pencil and eraser paint tool, gamma adjustments and a limited layer move tool.

The new widgets were managed by Peter Mattis and were called GTK for GIMP toolkit and GDK for GIMP drawing kit.[32]

[edit] GIMP 0.99

The biggest change in the GIMP 0.99 release was in the GIMP toolkit (GTK). GTK was redesigned to be object oriented and renamed from GTK to GTK+. The pace of development slowed when Spencer Kimball and Peter Mattis found employment.[25][26]

[edit] GIMP 1.0

GIMP 1.0.0 was released on June 2, 1998[33] GIMP and GTK+ split into separate projects during the GIMP 1.0 release. GIMP 1.0 included a new tile based memory management system which enabled editing of larger images and a change in the plug-in API (Application programming interface) allowed scripts to be safely called from other scripts and to be self documenting. GIMP 1.0 also introduced a native file format (xcf) with support for layers, guides and selections (active channels).

An official website was constructed for GIMP during the 1.0 series, designed by Adrian Likins and Jens Lautenbacher, now found at classic.gimp.org which provided introductory tutorials and additional resources.[34] On April 13, 1997, GIMP News was started by Zach Beane, a site that announced plug-ins, tutorials and articles written about GIMP. May 1997, Seth Burgess started GIMP Bugs, the first 'electronic bug list'.[25][26]

Marc Lehmann[35] developed a perl scripting plug-in.[36][37][38] Web interfaces were possible with the GIMP 1.0 series, and GIMP Net-fu[39] can still be used for online graphics generation.[40]

[edit] GIMP 1.1

The GIMP 1.1 series focused on fixing bugs and porting to Windows. No official release occurred during this series. Following this the odd numbered series (eg 1.1) of GIMP releases were considered unstable development releases and even numbered releases (eg 1.2) were considered stable releases. By this time, GTK+ had become a significant project and many of GIMP's original developers turned to GTK+ development. These included Owen Taylor (author of GIMP ifsCompose),[41] Federico Mena,[42] Tim Janik,[43] Shawn Amundson and others. GNOME also attracted GIMP developers. The primary GIMP developers during this period were Manish Singh, Michael Natterer[44] ,Sven Neumann[45] and Tor Lillqvist[45] who primarily fixed issues so that GIMP could run on Win32.[46]

[edit] GIMP 1.2

GIMP 1.2.0 was released on December 25, 2000. GIMP 1.2 had a new development team of Manish Singh, Sven Neumann and Mitch Natterer and others. GIMP 1.2 offered internationalization options, improved installation dialogs, many bug fixes (in GIMP and GTK+), overhauled plug-ins, reduced memory leaks and reorganized menus.[47] New plug-ins included GIMPressionist, Sphere Designer, by Vidar Madsen,[48] Image Map by Maurits Rijk[49] GFlare by Eiichi Takamori, Warp by John P. Beale, Stephen Robert Norris and Federico Mena Quintero, Sample Colorize and Curve Bend by Wolfgang Hofer. New tools included a new path tool, a new airbrush tool, a resizable toolbox, enhanced pressure support, a measure tool, dodge, burn and smudge tools. New functionality included image pipes, jpeg save preview, a new image navigation window, scaled brush previews, selection to path, drag'n'drop, quickmask, a help browser, tear-off menus and the waterselect plug-in was integrated into the color-selector.[47]

The 1.2 series was the final GIMP 1 series.

[edit] GIMP 2.0

GIMP 2.0.0 was released on March 23, 2004. The biggest visible change was the transition to the GTK+ 2 toolkit.

[edit] See also

Free software Portal

[edit] References

  1. ^ See List of available languages of the user manual
  2. ^ GIMP User Manual. Chapter 1. Introduction
  3. ^ [Gimp-developer] mentioning Photoshop on this list
  4. ^ GIMP - A Brief (and ancient) History
  5. ^ GIMP 2.4 Release Notes.
  6. ^ The GIMP's next-generation imaging core demonstrated.
  7. ^ GIMP - History
  8. ^ GIMP - Windows installers. Retrieved on November 20, 2005.
  9. ^ GIMPVS: GIMP On Windows For Artists And Developpers
  10. ^ GIMP.app
  11. ^ Native GIMP for Mac OS X
  12. ^ Dave Neary (2006-09-18). The GIMP usability. Safe as Milk blog. Retrieved on 2007-07-29.
  13. ^ The Gimp from the Eyes of a Photoshop User. slashdot.org (2004-30-04). Retrieved on 2008-01-12.
  14. ^ There is a plugin called PSPI for Windows and Linux versions of GIMP, which allows the use of the 8bf Adobe Photoshop filters in the GIMP. It however requires the Adobe Photoshop SDK to compile, the use of which must be requested from Adobe, but pre-compiled versions are freely distributable.
  15. ^ GIMP has limited support through LCMS; LittleCms, Great color at small footprint. Retrieved on November 20, 2005.
  16. ^ Willis, Nathan (2005-11-21). Pantone and free software. Linux.com. Retrieved on 2008-01-21.
  17. ^ Basic, partial CMYK support is available with the Separate plug-in.
  18. ^ A plugin is available which adds some support for these; this is planed for GIMP 2.6 with the introduction of the GEGL library
  19. ^ Kuniavsky, Mike (1999-03-12). Bring Out the GIMP. Web Monkey. Lycos, Inc. Retrieved on 2008-01-03.
  20. ^ Developer Resources
  21. ^ GIMP supported image formats
  22. ^ a b c d Spencer Kimball & Peter Mattis (1996-02-11). README (txt). Retrieved on 2008-03-23.
  23. ^ GIMP - Prehistory - Before GIMP 0.54
  24. ^ GIMP - Documentation
  25. ^ a b c d e Seth Burgess. A Brief History of GIMP (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  26. ^ a b c d e Seth Burgess. A Brief History of GIMP (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  27. ^ Zach Beane (2001-12-24). Tips, Tricks, and other Stuff (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.,
  28. ^ Tuomas Kuosmanen. Gimp stuff (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  29. ^ Larry Ewing (1998-03-09). Penguin Tutorial (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  30. ^ Federico Mena-Quintero (1997-10-23). The GIMP's color gradient editor (HTML). Everyone loves The GIMP. Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  31. ^ Richard Stallman (1989-02-01). GNU GENERAL PUBLIC LICENSE (HTML). Free Software Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-03-23. “BECAUSE THE PROGRAM IS LICENSED FREE OF CHARGE, THERE IS NO WARRANTY FOR THE PROGRAM, TO THE EXTENT PERMITTED BY APPLICABLE LAW.”
  32. ^ a b Spencer Kimball & Peter Mattis (1996-07-17). RELNOTES (txt). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  33. ^ README (txt) (1996-07-17). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  34. ^ Adrian Likins and Jens Lautenbacher. classic.gimp.org (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  35. ^ Marc Lehmann. Gimp (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
  36. ^ Seth Burgess (2002-06-05). Seth's Perl-Fu (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  37. ^ Seth Burgess (2002-09-18). Debugging gimp-perl scripts; a how-to (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  38. ^ Dov Grobgeld. A Tutorial for Perl Gimp Users (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-04.
  39. ^ README (HTML) (1997-10-22). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  40. ^ An online graphics generator powered by GIMP (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  41. ^ Owen Taylors GTK Stuff (HTML) (1998-05-29). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  42. ^ Boring news about Federico (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  43. ^ Technical ramblings by Tim Janik (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  44. ^ Mitchs blog (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  45. ^ a b svenfoo (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  46. ^ Changelog (txt) (2000-12-24). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  47. ^ a b NEWS (TXT) (2000-12-25). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  48. ^ The GIMPressionist. Retrieved on 2008-03-24.
  49. ^ Maurits thinks aloud (HTML). Retrieved on 2008-03-24.

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[edit] External links from the early years

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