Francisca
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The francisca or francesca is a throwing axe that was used as a weapon by the early Franks, among whom it was a characteristic national weapon until around the middle of the 8th century.[1] Although generally associated with the Franks, it was also used by other Germanic tribes of the period and several examples have been found in England.[2]
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[edit] Etymology
The term francisca first appeared in the book Ethymologiarum sive originum, libri XVIII by Isidore of Seville (c.570 - 636) as a name used among the Spanish to refer to these weapons "because of their use by the Franks".
The historian Gregory of Tours (c.538 - 594) in his History of the Franks uses two Latin terms for the Frankish axe - securis and bipennis.
The régime of Vichy France used the image of a stylised double-headed francisque as part of its iconography (compare fasces).
[edit] Description
The francisca is characterized by its distinctly arch-shaped head, widening toward the cutting edge and terminating in a prominent point at both the upper and lower corners. The top of the head is usually either S-shaped or convex with the lower portion curving inward and forming an elbow with the short wooden haft. Sometimes the head is more upswept forming a wider angle with the haft. Most franciscas have a rounded or teardrop-shaped eye designed to fit the tapered haft, similar to Viking axes. Based on the measurements of modern replicas the francisca weighed an average of 1 kg (2 pounds) with a haft length of around 40 cm to 45 cm (16 - 18 inches) and a 10 cm (4 inches) cutting edge. Based on surviving heads of franciscas recovered at Burgh Castle and Morning Thorpe in county Norfolk, England,[2] the length of the head itself measured 14 cm to 15 cm (5 to 6 inches) from the edge of the blade to the back of the socket.
[edit] Use
The Roman historian Procopius (c.500 - 565) described the Franks and their use of throwing axes:
- ...each man carried a sword and shield and an axe. Now the iron head of this weapon was thick and exceedingly sharp on both sides while the wooden handle was very short. And they are accustomed always to throw these axes at one signal in the first charge and thus shatter the shields of the enemy and kill the men.[2]
Procopius makes it clear that the Franks threw their axes immediately before hand to hand combat with the purpose of breaking shields and disrupting the enemy line while possibly wounding or killing an enemy warrior. The weight of the head and length of the haft would allow the axe to be thrown with considerable momentum to an effective range of about 12 m (40 feet). Even if the edge of the blade were not to strike the target the weight of the iron head could cause injury in any event.[2]
Another feature of the francisca was the tendency to bounce unpredictably upon hitting the ground [1] due to its weight, unique shape, lack of balance and slight curvature of the haft, making it difficult for defenders to block. It could rebound up at the legs of opponents or against shields and through the ranks. The Franks capitalized on this by throwing the franciscas in a volley in order to confuse, intimidate and disorganize the enemy lines either before or during a charge to initiate close combat.
Today, the francisca remains in popular use as a throwing axe in competitions or as a weapon for reenactors of medieval warfare.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ The Complete Encyclopedia of Arms and Weapons, ed. Claude Blair and Leonid Tarassuk (Simon and Schuster, 1982) ISBN 0-671-42257-X
- ^ a b c d Anglo-Saxon Weapons and Warfare, Richard Underwood (Tempus Publishing, 1999) ISBN 07524-1412-7
[edit] Further reading
- Axes of War and Power, James Douglas Gamble (Tanro Company, 2002) ISBN 0-9617220-1-5
