Fortis and lenis
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Fortis (Latin "strong") and lenis ("weak") are linguistic terms. In a broad sense, they refer to the opposition of consonants such as p, t vs. b, d. In a narrow sense, fortis refer to consonants such as p, t pronounced with tenseness (more muscular tension) and lenis to consonants such as b, d pronounced without.
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[edit] History and use of the terms
These terms were already used in 19th century German linguistics to describe languages such as southern German where consonants such as b, d are voiceless but nonetheless different from p, t. The terms fortis and lenis are used in current descriptions for the contrast in consonants in many Zapotec languages.
[edit] Opposition of p, t versus b, d
Normally, the opposition of consonants such as p, t vs. b, d is described in terms of voiceless consonants vs. voiced consonants. There are languages where this is indeed the only feature that distinguishes them (e.g. French [p, t] vs. [b, d]). In many languages, however, the phonetic voice is only one of several features that constitutes this opposition (e.g. English: IPA [pʰ, tʰ] vs. [b, d] ). There are even languages where the phonetic voice is not a distinctive feature of these pairs at all (e.g. southern German, Danish or Mandarin: IPA [pʰ, tʰ] vs. [b̥, d̥]).
The terms fortis and lenis (in the wide sense) apply to this opposition regardless of whether it's only an opposition of voice or not. Using English as an example, this means that when we devoice a voiced consonant, (such as 'd' at the end of a word,) for ease of articulation, it still retains the fortis / lenis distinction. This is not true of Polish, where the voiced consonant retains only the place of articulation and becomes fortis. Thus the terms fortis and lenis allow one to describe in more precise terms than 'voiced and unvoiced' the articulation of French, English, Polish and southern German consonants. They refer to a bundle of articulatory features which have different distributions in different languages. Not all of them need to be present in a particular language:
[edit] Tenseness
It is commonly said that tenseness is what distinguishes fortis and lenis in the narrow sense: In the articulation of the fortis, more muscular energy is supposedly used. However, this has never been demonstrated.
In Korean, a higher fundamental frequency of vowels following certain 'tense' consonants is thought to be a result of increased muscular tension in the vocal cords, a phonation called stiff voice. However, in Swiss German, no possible acoustical correspondent of the assumed tenseness has been found. Consequently, it is debated whether the Swiss German opposition is really based on different muscular tension, and not on gemination.
A few languages have been claimed to distinguish consonants solely by tenseness or laxness: some dialects of Adyghe distinguish voiceless tense stops from voiceless lax stops, and both are separate phonemes from voiced lax stops, and some Northeast Caucasian languages, such as Akhvakh, possess a distinction between tense and lax ejective consonants: [qʼaː soup, broth (lax) vs. [qːʼama cock's comb (tense). (Note that tense phonemes in these languages are traditionally transcribed with the length diacritic, following the Cyrillic orthography of these languages, although length is probably not the salient characteristic.)
Regardless, articulatory strength varies from speaker to speaker and language to language. The Ewe language, for example, which contrasts a voiceless bilabial fricative /ɸ/ and a voiceless labiodental fricative /f/, pronounces the /f/ markedly more strongly than is the case in most languages. This helps differentiate what would otherwise be an exceedingly subtle distinction. Phonetically, a diacritic from the Extensions to the IPA can be used to indicate this strong articulation: [ɸ] vs. [f͈].
In the Mixe-Zoquean language Mixe the distinction between consonants described as fortis and lenis has been demonstrated to be one of quantity: fortis consonants are pronounced longer than their lenis counterparts, and they are also not prone to voicing in voiced environments such as the lenis consonants are.
[edit] Notation
The IPA provides no means for a representation of a fortis-lenis contrast since the signs [p t k f s x …] vs. [b d ɡ v z ɣ …] explicitly represent a voice contrast. The Extensions to the IPA provide a diacritic for strong and weak articulation. As that diacritic is seldom used in the transcription of some languages, there is a number of other notations:
- The fortis-lenis contrast may be transcribed with plain [p t k f s x …] vs. [b d ɡ v z ɣ …] even though this is in contradiction to their IPA definition that relies solely on voice. This notation emphasizes that the voice contrast and the fortis-lenis contrast are thought of as manifestations of a common sound feature.
- The fortis-lenis contrast may be transcribed as a gemination contrast. This emphasizes that it is unrelated to the voice contrast.
- The fortis-lenis contrast may be transcribed as [p t k f s x …] vs. [b̥ d̥ ɡ̊ v̥ z̥ ɣ̊ …], that is, the lenes are marked with the IPA diacritic for voicelessness. By strict IPA definition, this appears contradictory because if [p] and [b] differ but in their voicedness, then a [b̥] that is voiceless should be identical to a [p]. This notation emphasizes that there is more than just voice to the contrast between [p t k f s x …] vs. [b d ɡ v z ɣ …]. It is sometimes used in the transcription of Southern German dialects such as Alsatian or Swiss German.
