Factory Acts
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The Factory Acts were a series of Acts passed by the Parliament of the United Kingdom to limit the number of hours worked by women and children first in the textile industry, then later in all industries.
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[edit] Factory Act 1802
The Factories Act 1802 (citation 42 Geo.lll c.73, sometimes also called the "Health and Morals of Apprentices Act") was an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom which regulated factory conditions, especially in regard to child workers in cotton and woollen mills. It was the culmination of a movement originating in the 1700s, where reformers had tried to push several acts through Parliament to improve the health of the workers and apprentices. The act had the following provisions:
- Factory owners must obey the law.
- All factory rooms must be well ventilated and lime-washed twice a year.
- Children must be supplied with two complete outfits of clothing.
- The work hours of children must begin after 6 a.m., end before 9 p.m., and not exceed 12 hours a day.
- Children must be instructed in reading, writing and arithmetic for the first four years of work.
- Male and Female children must be housed in different sleeping quarters.
- Children may not sleep more than two per bed.
- On Sundays children are to have an hour's instruction in the Christian Religion.
- Mill owners are also required to tend to any infectious diseases.
Fines of between £2 and £5 could be imposed on factory owners, but the Act established no inspection regime to enforce conditions. The act failed to provide a clear law of the hours one is permitted to work and failed to include supervision to make sure the law was being followed. The law was largely ignored by the factories but paved the way for more factory acts to follow. Richard Oastler in 1804 comments on the act:
- This act gives little authority to parliament and less restriction on factories. How can factories not resist to break the law?[citation needed]
[edit] 1819 Cotton Mills and Factories Act
The 1819 Cotton Mills and Factories Act stated that no children under 9 were to be employed and that children aged 9-16 years were limited to 12 hours' work per day. There were no guards on the large machines so many children were killed.
[edit] Factory Act 1831
No night work for persons under the age of 21.
[edit] Factory Act 1833
The Factory Act of 1833 was an attempt to establish a regular working day in the textile industry. The act had the following provisions:
- Children (ages 14-18) must not work more than 12 hours a day with an hour lunch break. Note that this enabled employers to run two 'shifts' of child labour each working day in order to employ their adult male workers for longer.
- Children (ages 9-13) must not work more than 8 hours with an hour lunch break.
- Children (ages 9-13) must have two hours of education per day.
- outlawed the employment of children under 9 in the textile industry
- Children under 18 must not work at night
- provided for routine inspections of factories
[edit] Factory Act 1844
The Factories Act 1844 (citation 7 & 8 Vict c. 15) further reduced hours of work for children and applied the many provisions of the Factory Act of 1833 to women. The act applied to the textile industry and included the following provisions:
- Children 9-13 years could work for six hours a day
- Women and young people now worked the same number of hours. They could work for no more than 12 hours a day during the week, including one and a half hours for meals, and 9 hours on Sundays
- Factory owners must wash factories with lime every fourteen months
- Ages must be verified by surgeons
- Accidental death must be reported to a surgeon and investigated
- Thorough records must be kept regarding the provisions of the act.
- Machinery was to be fenced in. (safety measures)
[edit] Factory Act 1847
After the Whigs gained power in Parliament, the Ten Hour Bill (also known as the Ten Hour Act) was passed becoming the Factories Act 1847 (citation 10 & 11 Vict c. 29). This law limited the work week in textile mills for women and children under 18 years of age. Each work week contained 63 hours effective July 1, 1847 and was reduced to 58 hours effective May 1, 1848. In effect, this law limited the workday to 10 hours.
This law was successfully passed due to the contributions of the Ten Hours Movement. This campaign was established during the 1830s and was responsible for voicing demands towards limiting the work week in textile mills. The leaders of the movement were Richard Oastler (who led the campaign outside Parliament), as well as John Fielden and Lord Shaftesbury (who led the campaign inside Parliament). Of course, employers found a ten hour limit acceptable as it meant that workers could be run in shifts, keeping the factory open for up to twenty hours a day.
[edit] Factory Act 1850
This Act (citation 13 & 14 Vict c. 54) redefined the workday which had been established under the Factory Acts of 1844 and 1847. No longer could employers decide the hours of work. The workday was changed to correspond with the maximum number of hours that women and children could work. The act included the following provisions.
- Children and Women could only work from 6 a.m. to 6 p.m. in the summer and 7 a.m. to 7 p.m. in the winter.
- All work would end on Saturday at 2 p.m..
- The work week was extended from 58 hours to 60 hours.
[edit] Factory Act 1874
The 1874 Act (37 & 38 Vict c. 44) reduced the workday in the textile industry to 9 and a half hours.
[edit] Factory Act 1878
The Factory and Workshop Act 1878 (41 & 42 Vict. c. 16) brought all the previous Acts together in one consolidation.
- Now the Factory Code applied to all trades.
- No child anywhere under the age of 10 was to be employed.
- Compulsory education for children up to 10 years old.
- 10-14 year olds could only be employed for half days.
- Women were to work no more than 56 hours per week.
[edit] Factory Act 1891
The Factory Act 1891 made the requirements for fencing machinery more stringent. Under the heading Conditions of Employment two considerable additions to previous legislation. The first is the prohibition on employers to employ women within four weeks after confinement; the second the raising the minimum age at which a child can be set to work from ten to eleven.
[edit] Factory Act 1901
Minimum working age is raised to 12
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Encyclopedia of British History
- W.R. Cornish and G. de N. Clark. Law and Society in England 1750-1950. (Available online here).
[edit] External links
- The 1802 Health and Morals of Apprentices Act
- Timeline of Factory legislation in Britain
- Ten Hours Act
