European Union shipping law

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European Union shipping law is the body of law developed by the European Union ("EU") relating to shipping or maritime matters.

1 Origins
2 Freedom to Provide Services
3 Competition Law
4 Sources

[edit] Origins

In principle, all of EU law applies to the maritime sector. Nonetheless, despite the Treaty establishing the European Economic Community (now the European Community (the "EC")) having been signed on 25 March 1957, it was not until the 1970s, that there was any serious attempt to develop European laws relating to shipping. During the 1970s, a number of attempts were made to develop laws in particular areas such as liner conferences, the environment and pilotage. It was not however until the 1980s, particularly 1986, that a serious body of EC shipping law evolved. On 22 December 1986, the Council of Ministers adopted four Regulations which lay the foundations for most of EC shipping law. In the 1990s and 2000s so far, the law has developed in various areas including competition and anti-trust law but also in the areas as safety, the environment, ports and employment.

[edit] Freedom to Provide Services

In principle, all EU shipowners are free to provide maritime services either between Member States or within Member States (i.e., provide cabotage services).

[edit] Competition Law

One of the most controversial topics is the application of competition law to maritime transport and, in particular, liner conferences. Between 1986 and 2006, the EC had a special regime exempting many liner conferences from the application of the prohibition on anti-competitive arrangements (i.e. Article 81 of the EC Treaty). This exemption was contained in Regulation 4056/86 which has now been repealed, effective October 2008. Many other countries such as Singapore, Japan and China, in an effort to prevent destructive competition, are allowing price-setting immunity of liner conferences.