Ernst Chladni

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Ernst Florens Friedrich Chladni (pronounced [ˈɛʀnst ˈfloːʀɛns ˈfʀiːdʀɪç ˈkladnɪ] November 30, 1756–April 3, 1827) was a German physicist and musician.

Chladni was born in Wittenberg. His important works include research on vibrating plates and the calculation of the speed of sound for different gases. For this some call him the "Father of Acoustics".^[2] He also did pioneering work in the study of meteorites, and therefore is regarded by some as the "Father of Meteoritics" as well.^[3][4][5]

Contents 1 Personal life 2 Chladni plates 3 Musical instruments 4 Other work 5 References 6 See also 7 Further reading 8 External links

[edit] Personal life

Although Chladni was born in Wittenberg, Germany, Chladni's family was from Kremnica, a mining town now in central Slovakia, then part of the Kingdom of Hungary. This has led to Chladni as being identified in the literature as German,^[6][7] Hungarian^[8] and Slovak.^[9]

Chladni came from an educated family of academics and learned men. Chaldni's great-grandfather, Georg Chladni (1637-92), a Lutheran clergyman, had to flee Kremnica on October 19, 1673 during the Counter Reformation. Chaldni's grandfather, Martin Chladni (1669-1725), was also a Lutheran theologian, and in 1710 became professor of theology at the University of Wittenberg, and from 1720-1721 was dean of the faculty of theology and later rector of the university. Chaldni's uncle, Justus Georg Chladni (1701-1765), was a law professor at University of Wittenberg.

Another uncle, Johann Martin Chladni (1710-1759), was a theologian and historian, and professor at the University of Erlangen and the University of Leipzig. Chladni's father, Ernst Martin Chladni (1715-1782), was a law professor^[10] and rector of the University of Wittenberg. Chaldni's father disapproved of his son's interest in science and insisted that Chaldni become a lawyer.^[11][12][9]

Chladni studied law and philosophy in Wittenberg and Leipzig, and obtained a law degree in 1782 from the University of Leipzig. When his father died in 1782, Chladni began his research in physics in earnest.^[11][12]

Chladni died in 1827 in Wrocław, Lower Silesia, an area that is now in southwestern Poland. When Chladni died, this town was called Breslau, and was part of the Kingdom of Prussia, which was a member of the German Confederation.

[edit] Chladni plates

One of Chladni's most well known achievements was inventing a technique to show the various modes of vibration in a mechanical surface. Chladni repeated the pioneering experiments of Robert Hooke of Oxford University. On July 8, 1680, Hooke had been able to see the nodal patterns associated with the modes of vibration of glass plates. Hooke ran a bow along the edge of a glass plate covered with flour, and saw the nodal patterns emerge.^[11][12]

Chladni's technique, first published in 1787 his book, Entdeckungen über die Theorie des Klanges ("Discoveries in the Theory of Sound"), consists of drawing a bow over a piece of metal whose surface is lightly covered with sand. The plate is bowed until it reaches resonance and the sand forms a pattern showing the nodal regions . Since the 20th century it has become more common to place a loudspeaker driven by an electronic signal generator over or under the plate to achieve a more accurate adjustable frequency.

Variations of this technique are commonly used in the design and construction of acoustic instruments such as violins, guitars, and cellos.

[edit] Musical instruments

Since at least 1738, a musical instrument called a "Glassspiel" or "Verillon" created by filling 18 beer glasses with varying amounts of water was popular in Europe.^[13] The beer glasses would be struck by wooden mallets shaped like spoons to produce "church and other solemn music".^[14] Benjamin Franklin was sufficiently impressed by a verillon performance on a visit to London in 1757 that he created his own instrument, the "armonica" in 1762.

Franklin's armonica inspired several other instruments, including two created by Chladni. In 1791, Chladni invented the musical instrument called "Chladni's Euphonium", consisting of glass rods of different pitches.^[15] Chladni's euphonium is the direct ancestor of the modern day musical instrument known as the Cristal Baschet.^[16] Chladni also improved on the Hooke "musical cylinder" to produce another instrument, the "Clavicylinder", in 1799.^[11][12][14]

Chladni travelled throughout Europe with his instruments giving demonstrations.^[9]

[edit] Other work

Chladni discovered Chladni's law, a simple algebraic relation for approximating the modal frequencies of the free oscillations of plates and other bodies.

Chladni estimated sound velocities in different gases by placing those gases in an organ pipe, playing it, and observing the sounds that emerged.^[17] This built on the work of Pierre Gassendi in measuring the speed of sound in air, begun in 1635.

In 1794, Chladni published, in German, Über den Ursprung der von Pallas gefundenen und anderer ihr ähnlicher Eisenmassen und über einige damit in Verbindung stehende Naturerscheinungen, (On the Origin of the Pallas Iron and Others Similar to it, and on Some Associated Natural Phenomena), in which he proposed that meteorites have their origins in outer space. This was a very controversial statement at the time, since meteorites were thought to be of volcanic origin. With this book Chladni also became one of the founders of modern meteorite research. Chladni was ridiculed at first for this claim, but it was confirmed in 1803 by Jean Baptiste Biot.^[11][12]

[edit] References

[edit] See also

• Cymatics
• Hans Jenny (cymatics)
• Based on Chladni's work, photographer Alexander Lauterwasser captures imagery of water surfaces set into motion by sound sources ranging from pure sine waves to music by Ludwig van Beethoven, Karlheinz Stockhausen and even overtone singing.
• Tritare, A guitar with Y-shaped strings which cause a certain Chladni-shaped vibrating pattern.

[edit] Further reading

• Rossing T.D. (1982) Chladni's Law for Vibrating Plates, American Journal of Physics 50, 271–274
• Marvin U.B. (1996) Ernst Florenz Friedrich Chladni (1756–1827) and the origins of modern meteorite research, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 31, 545–588

[edit] External links

• Die Akustik, 1802 by Ernst Chladni at Universities of Strasbourg
• Video of Chladni patterns through frequency range (Accessed 5/31/08)
• Examples with round, square, stadium plates and violin shapes
• Chladni plates
• Chladni Plate Mathematics by Paul Bourke
• Electromagnetically driven Chladni plate
• Use of Chladni patterns in the construction of violins
• Chladni patterns for guitar plates
• A vibrating table, sprinkled with salt, forming Chladni patterns.