Eridu
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| Ancient Mesopotamia |
|---|
 |
| Euphrates • Tigris |
| Cities / Empires |
| Sumer: Eridu • Kish • Uruk • Ur • Lagash • Nippur • Ngirsu |
| Elam: Susa |
| Akkadian Empire: Akkad • Mari |
| Amorites: Isin • Larsa |
| Babylonia: Babylon • Chaldea |
| Hittites • Kassites • Hurrians/Mitanni |
| Assyria: Assur • Nimrud • Dur-Sharrukin • Nineveh |
| Chronology |
| History of Mesopotamia |
| History of Sumer • Kings of Sumer |
| Kings of Assyria |
| Kings of Babylon |
| Mythology |
| Enûma Elish • Gilgamesh |
| Assyro-Babylonian religion |
| Language |
| Sumerian • Elamite |
| Akkadian • Aramaic |
| Hurrian • Hittite |
Eridu (or Eridug, modern Tell Abu Shahrain, Iraq) was the earliest city in southern Mesopotamia, founded ca. 5400 BC. Seven miles (12 kilometers) southwest of Ur, Eridu was the southernmost of a conglomeration of Sumerian cities that grew about temples, almost in sight of one another. According to Sumerian mythology, Eridu was founded by the Sumerian deity named Enki, later known by the Akkadians as Ea.
According to the Sumerian kinglist Eridu was the first city in the world. The opening line reads
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- "[nam]-lugal an-ta èd-dè-a-ba
- [eri]duki nam-lugal-la"
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- "When kingship from heaven was lowered,
- the kingship was in Eridu."
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In Sumerian mythology, it was said to be one of the five cities built before a flood occurred. Eridu appears to be the earliest settlement in the region, founded ca. 5400 BC, Fletcher (1996) p 37 close to the Persian Gulf near the mouth of the Euphrates River. Because of accumulation of silt at the shoreline over the millennia, the remains of Eridu are now some distance from the gulf at Abu Shahrain in Iraq.
In early Eridu, Enki's temple was known as E-abzu, or E-engura ("House of the subterranean waters" due to Enki's association with water), and was located at the edge of a freshwater marsh, an abzu.[1]. His consort, known by various names including Ninki, Ninhursanga, Damgulnanna, Uriash and Damkina had a nearby temple, the E-shag-hula ("house of the sacred lady")[citation needed].
According to Gwendolyn Leick, Eridu was formed at the confluence of three separate ecosystems, supporting three distinct lifestyles. The oldest agrarian settlement seems to have been based upon intensive subsistence irrigation agriculture derived from the Samarra culture to the north, characterised by the building of canals, and mud-brick buildings. The fisher-hunter cultures of the Arabian littoral were responsible for the extensive middens along the Arabian shoreline. They seem to have dwelt in reed huts. The third culture that contributed to the building of Eridu was the nomadic pastoralists of herds of sheep and goats living in tents in semi-desert areas. All three cultures seem implicated in the earliest levels of the city. The urban settlement was centered on an impressive temple complex built of mudbrick, within a small depression that allowed water to accumulate.
Kate Fielden reports "The earliest village settlement (c.5000 BC) had grown into a substantial city of mudbrick and reed houses by c.2900 BC, covering 8-10 ha (20-25 acres). By c.2050 BC the city had declined; there is little evidence of occupation after that date. Eighteen superimposed mudbrick temples at the site underlie the unfinished Ziggurat of Amar-Sin (c.2047-2039 BC). The apparent continuity of occupation and religious observance at Eridu provide convincing evidence for the indigenous origin of Sumerian civilization. The site was excavated chiefly between 1946 and 1949 by the Iraq Antiquities Department." [2] These archaeological investigations were carried out in the 1940s, which showed, according to Oppenheim, "Eventually the entire south lapsed into stagnation, abandoning the political initiative to the rulers of the northern cities," and the city was abandoned in 600 BC.
In the court of Assyria, special physicians trained in the ancient lore of Eridu, far to the south, foretold the course of sickness from signs and portents on the patient's body, and offered the appropriate incantations and magical resources.
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[edit] Eridu in myth
In the Sumerian king list, Eridu is named as the city of the first kings. The kinglist continues:
- In Eridu, Alulim became king; he ruled for 28800 years. Alalngar ruled for 36000 years. 2 kings; they ruled for 64800 years. Then Eridu fell and the kingship was taken to Bad-tibira.
The king list gave particularly long rules to the kings who ruled before a flood occurred, and shows how the centre of power progressively moved from the south to the north of the country.
Adapa U-an, elsewhere called the first man, was a half-god, half-man culture hero, called by the title Abgallu (Ab=water, Gal=Great, Lu=Man) of Eridu. He was considered to have brought civilisation to the city from Dilmun (probably Bahrain), and he served Alulim.
In Sumerian mythology, Eridu was the home of the Abzu temple of the god Enki, the Sumerian counterpart of the Akkadian water-god Ea. Like all the Sumerian and Babylonian gods, Enki/Ea began as a local god, who came to share, according to the later cosmology, with Anu and Enlil, the rule of the cosmos. His kingdom was the waters that surrounded the world and lay below it (Sumerian Ab = Water; Zu = far).
The stories of Inanna, goddess of Uruk, describe how she had to go to Eridu in order to receive the gifts of civilisation. At first Enki, the god of Eridu attempted to retrieve these sources of his power, but later willingly accepted that Uruk now was the centre of the land. This seems to be a mythical reference to the transfer of power northward, mentioned above.
Babylonian texts also talk of the creation of Eridu by the god Marduk as the first city, "the holy city, the dwelling of their [the other gods] delight".
It can very well be that Eridu is linked to the Annunaki.
Some modern researchers[citation needed] following David Rohl, have conjectured that Eridu, to the south of Ur, was the original Babel and site of the Tower of Babel, rather than the later city of Babylon, for a variety of reasons:
- The ziggurat ruins of Eridu are far larger and older than any others, and seem to best match the Biblical description of the unfinished Tower of Babel.
- One name of Eridu in cuneiform logograms was pronounced "NUN.KI" ("the Mighty Place") in Sumerian, but much later the same "NUN.KI" was understood to mean the city of Babylon.
- The much later Greek version of the King-list by Berosus (c. 200 BC) reads "Babylon" in place of "Eridu" in the earlier versions, as the name of the oldest city where "the kingship was lowered from Heaven".
- Rohl et al. further equate Biblical Nimrod, said to have built Erech (Uruk) and Babel, with the name Enmerkar (-KAR meaning "hunter") of the king-list and other legends, who is said to have built temples both in his capital of Uruk and in Eridu.
[edit] Archaeological searches
Tell Abu Shahrain was excavated in the 1940s by Fuad Safar and Seton Lloyd. It is near the present Basra.
[edit] External links
Its exact location is near Nasriya city north west of Basra, the main road to this old city called (al-muqair) which is mean the plated road with pitumen which been used in the levels of the Ziggorat between the brick.
[edit] References
- Green, Margaret Whitney (1975). Eridu in Sumerian Literature. Chicago: University of Chicago.
- Leick, Gwendolyn (2001). Mesopotamia: The invention of the city. London: Allen Lane. ISBN 0713991984.
- Oppenheim, A. Leo (1998). Ancient Mesopotamia: Portrait of a dead civilization, Rev. ed., 11th impr., Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 0226631877.
