Engelbert Kaempfer

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Engelbert Kaempfer
Engelbert Kaempfer

Engelbert Kaempfer (September 16, 1651 – November 2, 1716) was a German naturalist, traveller and physician.

Contents

[edit] Early life

He was born at Lemgo in the principality of Lippe, Westphalia, where his father was a pastor. He studied at Hameln, Lüneburg, Hamburg, Lübeck and Danzig (Gdansk), and after graduating Ph.D. at Kraków, spent four years at Königsberg in Prussia, studying medicine and natural science.

[edit] Travels

[edit] Persia

In 1681 he visited Uppsala in Sweden, where he was offered inducements to settle; but his desire for foreign travel led him to become secretary to the embassy which Charles XI sent through Russia to Persia in 1683. He reached Persia by way of Moscow, Kazan and Astrakhan, landing at Nizabad in Dagestan after a voyage in the Caspian Sea; from Shemakha in Shirvan he made an expedition to the Baku peninsula, being perhaps the first modern scientist to visit these fields of eternal fire. In 1684 he arrived in Isfahan, then the Persian capital. When after a stay of more than a year the Swedish embassy prepared to return, Kaempfer joined the fleet of the Dutch East India Company in the Persian Gulf as chief surgeon, and in spite of fever caught at Bander Abbasi he found opportunity to see something of Arabia and of many of the western coast-lands of India.

[edit] Japan

In September 1689 he reached Batavia; spent the following winter studying Javanese natural history, and in May 1690 set out for Japan as physician to the embassy, sent yearly to that country by the Dutch. En route to Japan, the ship in which he sailed touched at Siam, whose capital he visited; Here he recorded his meeting with the Siamese Minister and former ambassador to France Kosa Pan.[1]. In September 1690 he arrived at the coast of Nagasaki, the only Japanese port then open to foreigners.

Kaempfer stayed two years in Japan, during which time he twice visited Edo and the Shogun Tokugawa Tsunayoshi there. When he visited Buddhist monks in Nagasaki in February 1691, he was the first western scientist to describe the tree Ginkgo biloba - scientists at the time thought that all Ginkgo species were extinct. He brought some Ginkgo seeds back that were planted in the botanical garden in Utrecht and can still be seen today. During his stay in Japan, his tact, diplomacy and medical skill overcame the cultural reserve of the Japanese, and enabled him to elicit much valuable information. In November 1692 he left Japan for Java.

[edit] Return to Europe

After ten years abroad, Kaemfper returned to Europe in 1693, landing at Amsterdam. He was awarded a medical degree at the University of Leiden in the Netherlands.

Kaempfer settled down in his native city of Lemgo, where he became the physician of the Count of Lippe. In Germany he published the book Amoenitatum exoticarum (Lemgo 1712) which showed an illustration of a camellia and introduced 23 varieties. Notable for its description of the electric eel, acupuncture, and moxibustion. His systematic description of tea (as well as his other work on Japanese plants) was praised by Linnaeus, who adopted the Kaempfer-devised nomenclature.

In 1716, Kaempfer died at Lemgo.

[edit] Manuscripts

At Kaempfer's death his mostly unpublished manuscripts were purchased by Sir Hans Sloane, and conveyed to England. Among them was a History of Japan, translated from the manuscript into English by J.G. Scheuchzer and published at London, in 2 vols., in 1727. The original German has never been published, the extant German version being taken from the English. Besides Japanese history, this book contains a description of the political, social and physical state of the country in the 17th century. For upwards of a hundred years it remained the chief source of information for the general reader, and is still not wholly obsolete. A life of the author is prefixed to the History. Kaempfer's original manuscripts are currently kept in the British Museum.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Suarez, Thomas (1999) Early Mapping of Southeast Asia Tuttle Publishing ISBN 9625934707 p.30

[edit] External links

This article incorporates text from the Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition, a publication now in the public domain.

[edit] See also