Curia Julia
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The Curia (Latin for court) was the favourite meeting place of the Roman Senate in the Forum Romanum at the foot of the Capitoline Hill, near the Comitium.
Throughout antiquity there were two main buildings that served as the official meeting-place of the Roman Senate, the Curia Hostilia and the Curia Iulia or Julia.
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[edit] Curia Hostilia
The original Senate House of Rome was the Curia Hostilia. It is believed to have been constructed during the reign of Tullus Hostilius, in the 7th century BC. Although it was likely rebuilt earlier, the first major alteration to the building came in 80 BC when Lucius Cornelius Sulla restored and enlarged the curia. It was burned down in 52 BC when a mob cremated the body of the demagogue Publius Clodius Pulcher, and restored by Faustus Sulla.[1] In 29 BC it was replaced with Augustus's Curia Iulia[2]
[edit] Description
Relatively little is known about it. One feature of the Curia that is mentioned in almost all sources is the “Tabula Valeria,” a painting on the exterior of the Curia’s western wall. It depicted the victory of Manius Valerius Maximus Corvinus Messalla over Hiero and the Carthaginians in 263 BC. Pliny says that the painting was the first such picture in Rome.[3]
Another fact most sources agree on is that the Curia Hostilia was located on the north side of the Comitium[4]. It is believed that the circular set of stairs of the Comitium to the Curia. With regard to the Curia’s location, Stambaugh writes, “[T]he Curia Hostilia was built on rising ground so as to dominate the whole space of the Forum Romanum”[5]. Given its prominent place in the Forum, it seems that the Curia Hostilia was a symbol of the strength of the Roman Republic.
[edit] Significance
During his reconstruction of the Curia Hostilia, Sulla kept the building in its original location. It was in keeping with Sulla’s “pro-senatorial policies that the Senate House should stand in this dominating position, in view of the whole Forum and above the Comitium...and the open square”[6]. [It] is the mighty protection of all nations” and “the shrine of holiness and majesty and wisdom and statesmanship, the very center of the city’s life”[7].
[edit] Curia Julia
In 44 BC Julius Caesar tore down Faustus’s reconstructed Curia in order to make way for his own Forum.[8] However, the work on Caesar’s new forum was interrupted by his assassination in that same year. The project was eventually completed by Caesar’s successor Augustus in 29 BC[9].
From 81 AD to 96 the Curia Julia was restored under Domitian. In 283, this Curia was destroyed by the fire of emperor Carinus[10]. From AD 284 to 305, the Curia was then rebuilt by Diocletian. It is the remnants of Diocletian’s building that stands today. In 412, the Curia was restored again, this time by Urban Prefect Flavius Annius Eucharius Epiphanius.
In 630, the Curia was converted into the Church of St. Hadrian by Pope Honorius I. This saved the building from being used as a source for building materials. Between 1935 and 1938, under Mussolini, the Church of St. Hadrian was deconsecrated and restored to show its ancient form.
[edit] Description
The exterior of the Curia Julia features brick-faced concrete with a huge buttress at each angle. The lower part of the front wall was decorated with slabs of marble. The upper part was covered with stucco imitation of white marble blocks. A single flight of steps leads up the bronze doors. The current bronze doors are modern replicas; the original bronze doors were transferred to the Basilica of St. John Lateran by Pope Alexander VII in 1660[11].
Interestingly enough, a coin was found within the doors during their transfer.[citation needed] This coin gave archaeologists valuable insight into the original appearance of the Curia Julia, especially the prominence of its chalcidicum or portico.
The interior of the Curia Julia is fairly austere. The hall is 25.20 meters long by 17.61 meters wide. There are three broad steps that could have fitted five rows of chairs, or a total of about three hundred senators[12]. The walls are stripped, but originally were veneered in marble two-thirds of the way up. The two main features of the interior of the Curia Julia are its “Altar of Victory” and its striking floor.
At the far end of the Curia’s hall could be found the “Altar of Victory”[13]. It consisted of a statue of Victoria, the personification of victory, standing on a globe, extending a wreath. This altar was placed in the Curia by Augustus to celebrate Rome’s military prowess, and more specifically his own victory at the Battle of Actium in 31 BC. The altar was removed in the 4th century as part of a general backlash against the pagan traditions of ancient Rome.[14]
The other main feature of the Curia’s interior, the floor, is in contrast to the colorless interior of the Curia Julia. Featured on the floor is the Roman art technique of opus sectile, in which materials are cut and inlaid into walls and floors in order to make pictures of patterns. It is described by Claridge as “stylized rosettes in squares alternate with opposed pairs of entwined cornucopias in rectangles, all worked in green and red porphyry on backgrounds of Numidian yellow Phrygian purple”[15].
[edit] Significance
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In his Res Gestae, Augustus writes of the project: “I built the Senate House... with the power of the state entirely in my hands by universal consent, I extinguished the flames of civil wars, and then relinquished my control, transferring the Republic back to the authority of the Senate and the Roman people. For this service I was named Augustus by a decree of the Senate”[16]. In fact, this relinquishment of power was truer in word than in deed and the construction of the Curia Julia coincided with the end of Republican Rome.
In the past, the Curia Hostilia and Comitium “were oriented by the cardinal points of the compass, which may have marked them out as specially augerated space and at any rate set them off obliquely from the Forum rectangle that formed over the centuries”. Breaking with tradition, the Curia Julia was reoriented by Julius Caesar “on more ‘rational’ lines, squaring it up with the rectangular lines of the Forum and even more closely with his new forum, to which the new Senate House formed an architectural appendage more in keeping with the Senate’s increasing subordination”. The reduced power of the Roman Senate during the Imperial Period is reflected by the Curia Julia’s less prominent location and orientation.[17] That is not to say that the two buildings are without similarities. Both the Curia Hostilia’s Tabula Valeria and the Curia Julia’s altar of Victory in the Curia Julia, attest to the enduring preeminence of Rome’s military, despite the changing role of the Senate.
[edit] Works Cited
- Aicher, Peter J. Rome Alive: A Source-Guide to the Ancient City. Wauconda, Illinois: Bolchazy-Carducci, 2004.
- Claridge, Amanda. Rome. An Oxford Archaeological Guide. New York: Oxford University Press, 1998.
- Platner, Samuel Ball and Thomas Ashby (ed.). A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. London: Oxford University Press, 1929.
- Stambaugh, John E. The Ancient Roman City. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1988.
- Richardson, Lawrence. A New Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome. Baltimore: John Hopkins University Press, 1992.
- University of California. Digital Roman Forum. Retrieved 10 March, 2007. University of California, Los Angeles, 2005.
- http://dlib.etc.ucla.edu/projects/Forum
[edit] References
- ^ Richardson 1992, p. 102
- ^ Richardson 1992, p. 103
- ^ Richardson 1992, p. 102
- ^ Platner and Ashby 1929, p. 142
- ^ Stambaugh 1988, p. 109
- ^ Stambaugh 1988, p. 113
- ^ Stambaugh 1988, p. 106
- ^ Stambaugh 1988, p. 114
- ^ Claridge 1998, p. 70
- ^ Richardson 1992, p. 103
- ^ Claridge 1998, p. 71
- ^ Claridge 1998, p. 71
- ^ Claridge 1998, p. 71
- ^ Aicher 2004, p. 89
- ^ Claridge 1998, p. 71
- ^ Translation from Aicher 2004, p. 91
- ^ Aicher 2004, p. 87-89
