User talk:Csörföly D/A.I.Hist

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Artificial Intelligence was founded in the early 1950s by an eclectic group of visionaries who claimed to be on the verge of changing the world and man's place in it. They believed that they could create a machine with a mind as intelligent (or more intelligent) than a human being and predicted it would happen soon, in no more than a few decades.^[1]

They were given enormous sums of money and when their predictions failed to come true, the money was impolitely taken away again. When a new generation of researchers appeared with new tools and ideas, they also made extraordinary predictions (perhaps a little more cautiously) and again the money came and again the investors were disappointed and the money dried up again. The cycle of boom and bust, of winter and summer, continues to the present day.^[2] Undaunted, there are those that make extraordinary predictions even now.^[3]

But, despite the rise and fall of AI in the perceptions of venture capitalists and government bureaucrats, AI has made continuous advances in all areas regardless of the climate, overcoming unexpected obstacles, reorienting priorities in light of new discoveries and riding the crest of the wave of increasing computer power. Progress has been slower than was predicted but progress has continued nonetheless. Artificial intelligence problems that had begun to seem impossible in 1970 have been solved and are now successful commerical products, reduced to the status of just another item in the tool chest of computer science, for example: machine translation, optical character recognition, industrial robotics, speech recognition, data mining, and Google's search engine, to name a few. (As Tesler's Theorem notes: "AI is whatever hasn't been done yet."^[4])

It remains to be seen when or if AI will eventually build a system with human level intelligence. If the history of AI is any guide, it will take far longer than optimists have predicted but, nevertheless, AI will continue to move steadily closer to its elusive goal.

1 Precursors
2 The Birth of Artificial Intelligence 1943-1956
3 The Golden Years 1956-1974
4 The First AI Winter 1974-1980
5 Boom 1980-1987
6 Bust: The Second AI Winter 1987-1993
7 AI During the Internet Bubble 1993-2000
8 AI in the 21st Century
9 Jegyzetek
10 Irodalom
- 10.1 Fő forrás
- 10.2 Más források
11 Külső hivatkozások

[edit] Precursors

[edit] The Birth of Artificial Intelligence 1943-1956

[edit] The Golden Years 1956-1974

[edit] The First AI Winter 1974-1980

[edit] Boom 1980-1987

[edit] Bust: The Second AI Winter 1987-1993

[edit] AI During the Internet Bubble 1993-2000

[edit] AI in the 21st Century

[edit] Jegyzetek

^ Crevier 1993:4-7,108-109
^ Crevier 1993:64-65,115-117,197-208
^ Kurzweil 2005
^ As quoted in Hofstadter 1979:601. Larry Tesler actually feels he was misquoted: see his note at the bottom of Larry Tesler's Resume

[edit] Irodalom

[edit] Fő forrás

Crevier, Daniel (1993). AI: The Tumultuous Search for Artificial Intelligence. BasicBooks.

[edit] Más források

Moravec, Hans (1990). Mind Children. Harvard University Press.
Dreyfus, Hubert (1972). What Computers Can't Do. MIT Press.
Kurzweil, Ray (2005). The Singularity is Near. Viking Press.
Hofstadter, Douglas (1980). Godel, Escher, Bach: The Eternal Golden Braid.
Levitt, Gerald M. (2000). The Turk, Chess Automaton. McFarland.
Hobbes (1651). Leviathan.
Berlinski, David (2000). The Advent of the Algorithm. Harcourt Books.
Minsky, Marvin (1967). Computation: Finite and Infinite Machines. Prentice Hall.
Weizenbaum, Joseph (1976). Computer Power and Human Reason. W.H. Freeman & Company.
Minksy, Marvin; Seymour Papert (1969). Perceptrons: An Introduction to Computational Geometry. The MIT Press.
Lakoff, George (1987). Women, Fire, and Dangerous Things: What Categories Reveal About the Mind. University of Chicago Press..
Minsky, Marvin (1986). The Society of Mind. Simon and Schuster.

Arthur L. Samuel (1959) "Some studies in machine learning using the game of checkers." IBM Journal of Research and Development, 3(3):210-219, July.
Simon, H.A.; Allen Newell (January-February 1958). "Heuristic Problem Solving: The Next Advance in Operations Research". Operations Research 6.
Newell, Allen; J.C. Shaw and H. A. Simon (16 September 1958). "The Process of Creative Thinking".
McCarthy, John (1969). "Some Philosophical Problems from the Standpoint of Artificial Intelligence".
Professor Sir James Lighthill, FRS,"Artificial Intelligence: A General Survey" in Artificial Intelligence: A paper symposium, Science Research Council 1973.
Brooks, Rodney (1990). "Elephants Don't Play Chess". Robotics and Autonomous Systems 6: 3-15.