Crowninshield family
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Crowninshields are an American family prominent in seafaring, political and military leadership, and the literary world. The family, which immigrated in the late 17th century from Germany, is one of the founding families of Boston, and therefore one of the oldest families in the United States.
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[edit] History
Johann Caspar Richter was an Old Saxon landowner and shipper-trader originally from the south of Denmark. He moved to the German village of Kronenschieldt (sometimes spelled Cronenschieldt), near Leipzig, during the Thirty Years' War and married Maria Hahn, from Annaburg in Saxony-Anhalt. The family adopted the village's name as their surname.
Their son, Johannes Caspar Richter von Kronenschieldt, was born in Leipzig in 1661. After being educated briefly at the University of Leipzig, he moved to Boston, Massachusetts and married Elizabeth Allen on December 5, 1694 in Lynn, Massachusetts. Their children began the Crowninshield family known today.
Although the family's roots are Danish and German, most of the more recent lines of the Crowninshield family in Massachusetts are primarily of English stock.
[edit] Influence in America
[edit] Seafaring
Shortly after moving to Essex County, Massachusetts, and especially the town of Salem, the Crowninshields began to make their impact on American seafaring. They helped settle Salem and led it to seafaring prominence, helping turn it into an important seaport as well as a settlement for affluent families by the late 18th century.
In Salem, the family built Crowninshield's Wharf, one of three major wharfs in the town at the time. Through the wharf, the Crowninshields became highly influential in the international trade of tea (including Bohea from as far as China), cod, molasses, Madeira wine, Valencia oranges, Málaga grapes, salt, iron, and other products. According to historian David L. Ferguson in his book Cleopatra's Barge: The Crowninshield Story, the family was responsible for starting the first major pepper trade via sea, as previous pepper trade with Asians and Europeans had been historically land-based.
Providing part of the title of Frederick's book, sea adventurer George Crowninshield built and sailed Cleopatra's Barge, named after the ancient ship used by Cleopatra VII. Cleopatra's Barge became the first yacht to cross the Atlantic Ocean.
[edit] Government and military
Although the family's prominence was originally gained through seafaring, Crowninshield's later became most noted for the public service, primarily through political and military service. Politically, the early Crowninshields were Republicans and were noted for their strong support of Thomas Jefferson.
The Crowninshields were particularly prized for their seafaring military leadership. Benjamin Williams Crowninshield was United States Secretary of the Navy under both James Madison and James Monroe, while his great-great-grandson Charles Francis Adams III, also a noted yachtsman, was secretary under Herbert Hoover. Former U.S. Representative Jacob Crowninshield was appointed to be the second person to hold the position by Thomas Jefferson, but did not serve due to his ill health. His grandson Arent S. Crowninshield served as an admiral in the United States Navy and later as chief of the Navy's Bureau of Navigation during the McKinley Administration.
William Crowninshield Endicott was United States Secretary of War during Grover Cleveland's first term as President of the United States. Caspar F. Crowninshield served as a Union Army captain and brevet brigadier general during the American Civil War, while Charles Francis Adams, Jr., great-grandson of Benjamin Williams Crowninshield, served as a general.
Since the late 19th century, the political influence of the family has been focused on the state and local levels, including in Vermont, New Hampshire, and New York, where multiple branches of the family resettled, as well as their ancestral home of Massachusetts.
[edit] The arts and publishing
During the late 19th and 20th centuries, the Crowninshields were mostly visible in the arts and publishing. Frank Crowninshield created and edited Vanity Fair magazine, while Francis Boardman Crowninshield became an accomplished painter and architect. Frederic Crowninshield, a noted stained glass artist, was an instructor at the Museum of Fine Arts School of Drawing and Painting in Boston.[1]
The most noted living Crowninshield is Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee, vice president at larg of The Washington Post.
[edit] Other contributions
The Crowninshields were responsible for bringing the first elephant to the U.S. The elephant arrived on April 12, 1796, brought by Jacob Crowninshield, who had purchased it in India. The two-year-old elephant was brought into New York City, costing Crowninshield a total of $450. It later toured the country extensively after Crowninshield sold it for $10,000.[2]
Louise E. du Pont Crowninshield, wife of Francis Boardman Crowninshield, is known as one of America's first major historical preservationists and was a founding member of the National Trust for Historic Preservation.
Charles Francis Adams IV, great-great-great-grandson of Benjamin Williams Crowninshield and the son of Charles Francis Adams III, was the first president and later chairman of the Raytheon Company.
[edit] Brahmin life
[edit] Marriages
The Crowninshields, like other Boston Brahmin families, often married into other noted families. Frances (Fanny) Cadwalader Crowninshield, daughter of George and Harriet Sears Crowninshield, married John Quincy Adams II, son of president John Quincy Adams and grandson of president John Adams. William Crowninshield Endicott was a direct descendant of John Endecott, the first Governor of the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Fellow Salem resident Nathaniel Hawthorne's father, Captain Nathaniel Hathorne, Sr., sailed ships owned by the Crownshields, who were his in-law relatives.
Rebecca Crowninshield Browne married Robert F. Bradford, who was Governor of Massachusetts from 1947 to 1949. Francis Boardman Crowninshield married the former Louise Evaline du Pont (later Louise E. du Pont Crowninshield) of the Du Pont family. Benjamin C. Bradlee married journalist Sally Quinn, a descendant of many notables from both the United States and Europe.
[edit] Friends and rivals
The Crowninshields also had close associations with other elite families, including the Monroes, Jeffersons, and Madisons. Robert Gould Shaw was a close friend of Benjamin W. Crowninshield (not to be confused with Benjamin Williams Crowninshield) at Harvard. The Crowninshields also periodically lived with other noted figures, such as William Bentley, who boarded with the family in Salem from 1791 to 1819; Andrew Jackson and his wife, who lived with Benjamin William Crowninshield and his family in Georgetown; and Condé Nast, who was Frank Crowninshield's New York City roommate.
Although they were known for feuding with other noted families, particularly the anti-Jeffersonian Derby family of Salem, they also had close connections to the powerful. During the Salem witch trials, the Crowninshields were aligned on the side of John Hathorne, one of the associate magistrates of the trials; no Crowninshields were accused during the trials.
[edit] Education
Early Crowninshields were typically educated at institutions like St. Paul's School and Phillips Academy, followed by Harvard University, Harvard Law School, Williams College, or the service academies. Family members have held trusteeships and provost positions at Harvard College and Boston College, among other institutions.
[edit] Historic sites
The Crowninshield influence is particularly visible in Essex County, Massachusetts, and especially in their historical homebase of Salem.
The homestead of Captain John Crowninshield, son of Johannes Caspar Richter von Kronenschieldt and Elizabeth Allen, survives as the Crowninshield-Bentley House, which is governed by the Peabody Essex Museum and is part of Salem's historical tourism industry. Benjamin Williams Crowninshield's federal-style waterfront mansion, once used by President James Monroe on a trip to Salem, is now used as home for the Brookehouse for Women. Some other sites, such as the Crowninshield Wharf, have been lost to time and damage.
Other places and things named after the family incude Crowninshield Island, located off nearby Marblehead, and the USS Crowninshield, a Wickes-class destroyer during World War I. There are also Crowninshield streets in Providence, Rhode Island; Brookline, Massachusetts; Peabody, Massachusetts; and New York City, New York, each locations where noted Crowninshields lived.
Family members are buried in several of New England's most prominent cemeteries, including Mount Auburn Cemetery and the ancient burial ground in Salem.
[edit] Popular culture
Although less common today, references to the Crowninshield family in popular culture were prevalent in earlier American society. Some examples include:
- Across to Singapore, a film loosely based on seafaring adventures of the Crowninshields, featured Joan Crawford as the fictional Priscilla Crowninshield
- The Running of the Tide, a novel by Esther Forbes, was based on the family
- The Cleopatra's Barge nightclub at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas, Nevada, which replicates features of the original ship
- Mrs. Parker and the Vicious Circle, a 1994 film, included a depiction of Frank Crowninshield played by Peter Benchley
- "The Thing on the Doorstep," a short story by H. P. Lovecraft set in a town based on Salem, mentions the Crowninshield-Bentley House
[edit] Notable members
- Charles Francis Adams, Jr.
- Charles Francis Adams III
- Arent S. Crowninshield
- Benjamin Crowninshield Bradlee
- Benjamin Williams Crowninshield
- Caspar F. Crowninshield
- Francis Boardman Crowninshield
- Frank Crowninshield
- Frederic Crowninshield
- George Crowninshield
- Jacob Crowninshield
- Louise E. du Pont Crowninshield
- William Crowninshield Endicott
[edit] References
- Adams, Charles Francis. Memoir of William C. Endicott. Cambridge: John Wilson and Son. 1902.
- Bacon, Louis C. Reminiscences: The Crowninshield Family Genealogy. Salem, Mass. 1922.
- Bradford, Robert Fiske. "Papers, 1909-1971." Massachusetts Historical Society. Accessed June 8, 2007.
- Crowninshield, Benjamin W. A Private Journal, 1856-1858. Boston, Mass. 1941.
- Crowninshield, Benjamin Williams. "Papers, 1731-1892." Massachusetts Historical Society. Accessed June 8, 2007.
- Ferguson, David. L. Cleopatra's Barge: The Crowninshield Story. New York: Little, Brown. 1976.
- Moore, Margaret B. The Salem Life of Nathaniel Hawthorne. Columbia, Missouri: University of Missouri Press.
- Reinoehl, John H. "Post-Embargo Trade and Merchant Prosperity: Experiences of the Crowninshield Family, 1809-1812." Mississippi Valley Historical Review, Vol. 42, No. 2. 1955.
- Singleton, Esther. The Story of the White House. The McClure Company. 1907.
- "The Crowninshield Collection." Peabody Essex Museum. Salem, Mass. Accessed June 8, 2007.
- "The Crowninshields of Salem, 1800-1808: A Study in the Politics of Community Growth." Essex Institute of History. Essex County, Mass. 1958.
- Thomas, Brook. Cross-Examinations of Law and Literature: Cooper, Hawthorne, Stowe, and Melville. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. 1987.
