Critical Mass is an event typically held on the last Friday of every month in cities around the world where bicyclists and other self-propelled commuters take to the streets en masse. While the ride was originally founded with the idea of drawing attention to how unfriendly the city was to bicyclists,[1] the leaderless structure of Critical Mass makes it impossible to assign it any one specific goal. In fact, the purpose of Critical Mass is not formalized beyond the direct action of meeting at a set location and time and traveling as a group through city or town streets.
Critical Mass rides are self-organized, non-commercial and non-competitive, and they operate with diffused and informal decision-making, independent of leaders. They are mostly unofficial, foregoing permits and official sanction from municipal authorities. Typically, only the meeting place, date, and time are fixed. In some cities, the route, finishing point, or attractions along the way may be planned ahead.
Critical Mass rides have been perceived as protest activities. A 2006 New Yorker magazine article described Critical Mass' activity in New York City as "monthly political-protest rides", and characterized Critical Mass as a part of a social movement;[2] and the UK e-zine Urban75, which advertises as well as publishes photographs of the Critical Mass event in London, describes this as "the monthly protest by cyclists reclaiming the streets of London."[3] However, Critical Mass participants have insisted that these events should be viewed as "celebrations" and spontaneous gatherings, and not as protests or organized demonstrations.[4][5] This stance allows Critical Mass to argue a legal position that its events can occur without advance notification of local police.[6][7]
Critical Mass rides vary greatly in many respects, including frequency and number of participants. For example, many small cities have monthly Critical Mass rides with fewer than twenty riders which offer safety in numbers to cyclists in those locales, while on the opposite extreme, in what have been the largest events using the name Critical Mass, cyclists in Budapest, Hungary hold only two rides each year on 22 September (International Car Free Day) and 22 April (Earth Day). The 'Budapest style' attracts tens of thousands of riders.[8] The April 20, 2008 Budapest ride participation was generally estimated at 80,000 riders.[9][10]
The first ride took place on Friday, September 25, 1992 at 6 pm in San Francisco. At that time, the event was known as Commute Clot and was composed of a couple of dozen cyclists who had received flyers on Market Street.[1]
Shortly after this, some participants in that ride went to a local bicycle shop for a screening of Ted White's documentary Return of the Scorcher, about bike culture overseas. In that film, American human powered vehicle and pedicab designer George Bliss noted that, in China, both motorists and bicyclists had an understood method of negotiating intersections without signals. Traffic would "bunch up" at these intersections until the backlog reached a "critical mass", at which point that mass would move through the intersection. That term from the movie was applied to the ride,[11] and the name caught on, replacing "Commute Clot" by the time of the second event.[1]
By the time of the fourth ride, the number of cyclists had increased to around 100 and participation continued to grow dramatically, reaching about 1,000 riders, on average.[1]
The name was soon adopted as a generic label by participants in similar but independent mass rides that were either initiated in various locations around the world at around the same time, or had already existed before 1992 under other names. It is estimated that there are Critical Mass-type rides in more than 325 cities to date. The term "masser" is sometimes applied to frequent participants.[12]
Critical Mass differs from many other social movements in its rhizomal (rather than hierarchical) structure. Critical Mass is sometimes called an "organized coincidence", with no leadership or membership. The routes of some rides are decided spontaneously by whoever is currently at the front of the ride, others are decided prior to the ride by a popular vote of suggested routes often drawn up on photocopied flyers. The term xerocracy was coined to describe a process by which the route for a Critical Mass can be decided: anyone who has an opinion makes their own map and distributes it to the cyclists participating in the Mass. Still other rides decide the route by consensus. The "disorganized" nature of the event allows it to largely escape clampdown by authorities who may view the rides as forms of parades or organized protest. Additionally, the movement is free from the structural costs associated with a centralized, hierarchical organization. In order for the event to function, the only requirement is a sufficient turn-out to create a "critical mass" of riders dense enough to occupy a piece of road to the exclusion of drivers of motorized vehicles, pedestrians, and other road users.[citation needed] Authorities in New York, California and Oregon have expressed concern with the difficulty of coordinating with the riders, due to the lack of leadership.[13][14][15]
The city of New Haven includes the event in its city-published Green Map.[16]
Due to the unorganized nature of Critical Mass, no standard vocabulary exists. This section outlines words and phrases that have become popular in some cities that hold Critical Mass events.
Bike-lifting (Also known in Chicago as the Chicago hold-up) Bike-lifting is when a participant raises his or her bicycle in the air. This occurs when an intersection is corked, when a cyclone is occurring, or at any point a participant desires to hold a bicycle in the air.
Corking Corking (described in detail below) is a tactic used to prevent traffic from entering the path of the cyclists.
Cyclone Cyclones form when the mass begins to circle an intersection. Popular in Chicago's large six-point intersections, cyclones can be used to "mass up" the critical mass, so that it can maintain the density of cyclists necessary to prevent the flow of automotive traffic. The tactic also allows splinter masses time to rejoin the group.
Die-in Die-ins are when participants lay down on the ground with their bikes to symbolise cyclist deaths and injuries caused by automobiles, very popular in Montreal.
"Mass up" or "Mass it up" In the middle or at the end of the group of cyclists, the number of cyclists traveling on the road can grow thin, resulting in dangerous conditions for riders if automotive traffic attempts to cut through the middle of the mass while cyclists are still passing. Participants in some cities will yell "mass up" or "mass it up" in order to tell the front of the group to slow down. Different tactics are used to mass up such as simply slowing down or stopping as well as cycloning.
Splinter mass Splinter masses are a common occurrence due to the unorganized nature of the event. A splinter mass occurs when a smaller group of the larger critical mass separates from the main mass inadvertantly. They often no longer possess a mass that is "critical" enough to stop traffic. "Massing up" allows splinter masses to rejoin the group.
Because Critical Mass takes place without an official route or sanction, participants practice a tactic known as "corking" in order to maintain the cohesion of the group. This tactic consists of a few riders blocking traffic from side roads so that the mass can freely proceed through red lights without interruption. Corking allows the mass to engage in a variety of activities, such as forming a cyclone, lifting their bikes in a tradition known as a "Bike Lift" (in Chicago this is referred to as a Chicago hold-up), or to perform a "die-in" where riders fall lie on the ground with their bikes to symbolise cyclist deaths and injuries caused by automobiles, very popular in Montreal. The 'Corks' sometimes take advantage of their time corking to distribute flyers.
Critics argue that the practice of corking roads in order to pass through red lights as a group is contrary to Critical Mass' claim that "we are traffic", since ordinary traffic (including bicycle traffic) does not usually have the right to go through intersections once the traffic signal has changed to red, unless issued with a specific permit or residing in jurisdictions where bicyclists have this right such as in Idaho, where State law recognizes such riding.[17] Corking has sometimes translated into hostility between motorists and riders, even erupting into violence and arrests of motorists and cyclists alike during Critical Mass rides.[18]
Critics have claimed that Critical Mass is a deliberate attempt to obstruct automotive traffic and cause a disruption of normal city functions, asserting that individuals taking part in Critical Mass refuse to obey the vehicular traffic laws that apply to cyclists the same as they do to drivers of other vehicles.[19]
In California's San Francisco Bay Area, there have been several incidents of conflict during Critical Mass events.[20] Similar conflict has arisen during critical mass rides in Winnipeg, Manitoba.
On the evening of March 30, 2007 monthly ride in San Francisco, a bicycle rider was arrested on felony (later reduced to misdemeanor) charges in San Francisco's Tenderloin neighborhood for denting a limousine using a bicycle lock. The limousine driver told police he got out of his car to talk to two cyclists who allegedly blocked his path. After briefly exchanging words with one of the cyclists, the limousine driver said he grabbed one of the cyclists' bikes and tried to pull it out of the way. He then got back into his limo in hopes of going around the riders. Before he could move, however, the limousine driver said another cyclist smacked into the front driver's side of his car, then punched the hood with a u-shape bicycle lock, denting it. The cyclist, however, told police officers that he only hit the limo with his lock after the driver had gunned his engine. During the incident, one of the limousine's tires was slashed and the driver's car keys stolen.[21]
Near the end of the ride that evening, near the Japan Center and Western Addition neighborhoods, a resident of Redwood City, California tried to drive through the mass of bicycle riders. An eyewitness claimed to have observed the driver strike a cyclist and flee the scene of the accident before cyclists chased after and surrounded her vehicle.[22][23] The driver denied striking a cyclist and alleged that hundreds of bicyclists surrounded her minivan while she and her 11- and 13-year-old daughters were inside, banged on the sides of her car, "keyed" the paint, and threw a bicycle through the rear window of the vehicle, causing $5,300 in damage.[24]
San Francisco Mayor Gavin Newsom, in April 2007, requested that Critical Mass riders "police themselves." "It does the bicycle-advocacy community no good to have people that are aggressive and dispirit the entire movement,” Newsom said. “I would encourage the bicycle coalition to say, ‘Look, we don’t put up with this, enough is enough.’”[25][26]
On May 11, 2007, a similar incident occurred in Berkeley, California.[27] Bicycle advocates claimed that a driver shouted, "I'm sick of you people," [28] deliberately attempted to strike cyclists and drive through the side of the monthly ride,[27] causing approximately $3,000 worth of damage to bicycles. However, the driver and his wife alleged that the bikers threw their bicycles under the vehicle.[29][30] Critical Mass participants then pounded on the hood and windows of the car, breaking its windshield.[31] Berkeley police did not make any arrests in the incident.[32]
On July 27, 2007, while the Chicago ride was heading to the Spindle in Berwyn, Illinois, an allegedly drunk driver drove into the mass while attempting to flee the scene of a previous accident. A ten-year-old boy, who was riding with his family, was hit by the car but not severely injured. Several other bicyclists were injured or had their bicycles damaged while attempting to move out of the way of the car. The driver was quickly apprehended by police who were riding with and monitoring the group.[33][34]
The San Francisco Police Department has addressed the rides with a variety of tactics in the 16 years riders have taken to the streets. Attempts to direct the rides and crack down on riders with massive arrests have failed.[35] The San Francisco Police Department gets calls every month from police departments around the country trying to figure out how to respond to Critical Mass Rides in those cities. An SFPD Lieutenant has publicly advised he is willing to share San Francisco Police Department tactics with anyone who asks. [36]
In 1997, the Mayor of San Francisco, Willie Brown, was delayed on his way to dinner in his limousine in heavy traffic on the evening of the June 1997 San Francisco Critical Mass ride. Brown subsequently issued a "declaration of war" on San Francisco's Critical Mass bicycle rides, calling them "a terrible demonstration of intolerance."[37] Brown gave his blessing to San Francisco Police Department Chief Fred Lau's plan to conduct a crackdown [38] [39] on the night of the July 25, 1997 ride. Brown was quoted in the news media as saying "I think we ought to confiscate their bicycles, "[40]. According to a Time magazine article, he threatened to keep both the bikes and the riders locked up, because "a little jail time" would teach Critical Mass riders a lesson.[41] The reaction and extensive press coverage grew into a confrontation at the July 25, 1997 ride. The local newspapers had published a route, although many riders were hesitant about—or flatly against—cooperation with it. On Friday the Mayor tried to address the crowd at the Critical Mass ride's Justin Herman Plaza staging area but was shouted down. The crowd of approximately 7,000 bicyclists quickly split into many parts, each being chased or monitored by police units, including helicopters. This resulted in extensive turmoil throughout the downtown area.
During the ride approximately 250 riders were arrested for unlawful assembly and jailed, allegedly after being cordoned off by lines of riot-helmeted San Francisco police officers and without being given a lawful order or chance to disperse, and had their bicycles confiscated by the police.[42] San Francisco Deputy Police Chief Rich Holder was quoted as saying that elsewhere during the ride some of the cyclists "stormed" the San Francisco Bay Bridge, which lacks a pedestrian and bicycle right-of-way such as the one on the Brooklyn Bridge or the Golden Gate Bridge. Brown was humorously portrayed by one news report as hypocritical and lacking credibility on the issue of enforcing traffic laws against Critical Mass bicyclists since Brown gained a noted reputation for flying through town with a motorcycle escort just to make his meetings on time.[43] At a July 31st, 1997 press conference, Brown referred to Critical Mass cyclists as "little weenies," and implied that bicyclists do not vote or comprise a significant portion of his constituency.[44] Brown later explained the remark as occurring "in a moment of evidence of (his) annoyance." By the middle of his second term in office, Brown was seen by some as having evolved on bicycling issues. On the 10th anniversary of Critical Mass on September 27, 2002, the city officially closed down four blocks to automobile traffic for the Car-Free Day street fair. Brown remarked: "I'm delighted. A new tradition has been born in our city." [45]
Bennett Hall, a professional photographer, witnessed a San Francisco police officer writing a citation for a bicyclist he claimed had committed no offense. Hall alleged that while he was photographing the event a police officer arrested him without cause and seized his camera. Another pedestrian attempted to take the camera to bring it to the San Francisco Chronicle, but was also arrested.[46]
Police in New York have claimed that Critical Mass bicyclists corking intersections to allow the mass of bikes to pass may delay emergency vehicles unable to move in the gridlock.[14] Motorists driving cars on cross streets cannot practicably move over to the side of the streets in the way a bicyclist can due to the length and square footage of a car, and current traffic lane configurations on Manhattan streets which, at present, allow parking and driving of private automobiles in some areas.
During the US 2004 Republican National Convention police arrested more than 250 riders after the ride caused "massive disruptions" in the city.[47] Many court cases resulted regarding the legality of the ride, whether police have the right to arrest cyclists and seize their bicycles, and whether the event needs a permit. In December of 2004, a federal judge dismissed New York City's injunction against Critical Mass as a "political event."[48] On March 23, 2005, the city filed a lawsuit, seeking to prevent TIME'S UP!, a local nonprofit, direct action, environmental group, from promoting or advertising Critical Mass rides. The lawsuit also stated TIME'S UP! and the general public could not participate in riding or gathering at the Critical Mass bike ride, claiming a permit was required. A documentary film, Still We Ride shows the nature of these bike rides before and after the police took notice.[49][50]
In September 2005, Metropolitan Police in London gave out notices announcing a requirement that the organisers of the mass provide a route six days before the event. In addition, they stated that the Mass may be restricted in the future, and arrests would result if their orders were not followed. The threat was retracted when politicians and cyclist groups voiced objections. The following ride, that of October 2005, had close to 1200 participants.[citation needed] There was a long stop in Parliament Square, part of the Government's exclusion area in the Serious Organised Crime and Police Act 2005.[citation needed] However, this event also led to a particularly slow and cumbersome ride which brought some debate[citation needed] from London cycling groups.[who?]
One ride participant sought a declaration from the High Court of England and Wales that police need not be notified about the Critical Mass rides, in a "friendly action" in which neither side sought damages. The Court ruling[51] agreed, exempting Critical Mass from notification under Section 11 of the Public Order Act 1986. The ruling was reversed on appeal.[52] In early 2008 Friends of the Earth, who supported the legal action, said the case would be appealed to England's highest legal authority, the House of Lords.
Two riders were arrested during the June, 2006 ride in Seattle, Washington after becoming involved in a fight with two undercover officers who the bikers confused for gang members[53] and who, according to witnesses, did not identify themselves as police.[54]
On July 27, 2007 in Vilnius, Lithuania, police took five critical mass participants into custody, including two minors, for not following orders to disband. At least two of them later reported to have been beaten and injured by police officers. A court case is set to take place in August.[55]
On the August 31, 2007 ride in Minneapolis, a confrontation occurred between multiple cyclists and the city police. After attempting to take a few riders into custody, the crowd swarmed the cops, demanding their release. As a result, the police maced the crowd. Minneapolis police arrested nineteen critical mass participants, including three minors. The adults were reported to have been arrested on suspicion of rioting, a gross misdemeanor. Cases will go to trial in 2008 and money is being raised for the defense of the five individuals (one a minor) who are being prosecuted.[56][57]
Police in Chicago are often seeing riding with the Critical Mass to monitor the event and squad cars are seen blocking intersections to provide safe passage of the mass.
However, on August 31, 2007, seven riders in the Chicago Critical Mass were arrested on charges of obstructing traffic and disobeying police. The seven were held overnight.[58] According to some of those arrested, they were released at various points in the late night/early morning.
In July, 2007 Oakland, California Police Department officers grabbed and detained a Critical Mass rider on the Oakland, California ride, which stages at Frank Ogawa Plaza on the first Friday of each month. The rider was cited for violating a noise ordinance for having a bicycle sound system. Many Oakland riders were critical of the Oakland, California Police Department for exercising selective enforcement of the noise ordinance, in a city whose streets are frequently travelled by motorcyclists on Harley Davidson motorcycles with loud pipes and sound-systems of their own, and with numerous cars with loud sound-systems and exhaust whistles. In addition, Oakland Police Department motorcycles themselves were previously criticized by Oakland's District 3 City Councilmember Nancy Nadel for having loud, aftermarket "thunderpipes" installed on them.
Police in Oregon have voiced concerns that Critical Mass may delay emergency vehicles, such as ambulances, due to the traffic disruption.[13]
At dusk on Friday, March 28, 2008 Honolulu Police tackled a young woman on a bike during a peaceful ride with other cyclists apparently in an attempt to discourage the cyclists from assembling and riding. The police officer's tackle caused her to fall from her bike and hit her head on the ground. She was subsequently hospitalized. No arrests were made. The incident occurred in front of the Honolulu Police main station on Beritania Street. In addition, Police issued citations to other cyclists before the officer tackled the woman.
On May 30, 2003, an incident occurred at the intersection of Elmwood Avenue and Summer Street in Buffalo, NY. Buffalo police stopped two cyclists for "failure to yield to an emergency vehicle." This led to an incident in which several people were allegedly attacked by police, and resulted in nine arrests of cyclists, and three convictions, including a well-known local journalist. The event attracted significant local media attention.[59]
On April 25th, 2008, several participants were arrested by the Riga, Latvia Police Department because of the event not being confirmed by the City Government and the participation of roller-skaters, which aren't allowed to ride on the road.[60] On May 1st, 2008, several participants were arrested by the Riga, Latvia Police Department because of "breaking the traffic rules and disobeying the police".[61] However, some of the arrested people claim they weren't told by the policemen what they are accused for.[62] Eyewitnesses are certifying that at least three cases 1 May 2008 Riga Police used to drive vehicle consciously over the bicyclists, brutally pushed cyclists by dresses while driving to fall over head (at full speed), and at last, arrested two AFI press photographers for the reason they just filmed police brutality. Camera content was demanded to erase. Due the unreasonable low interest on such shocking Police conduct from the Latvian mass media, have been guessed that media information had been heavily censored.[citation needed]
Since the resurrection of the ride in April 2007, Sacramento Critical Mass[63] has been the subject of police scrutiny.[64] The Sacramento Police Department dispatches several squad cars, motorcycles, and bicycle police to monitor the ride, despite the absence of any violent incident. The police follow the riders the whole time, and shout at them to stay all the way to the side of the road. Ironically, the police actually occupy a larger portion of on-street traffic than the riders and thus inhibit the flow of traffic far more than the riders do. In addition, the police use every justification to issue citations, which tends to keep the speed of the mass very slow. Citations in the past have included tickets for not having lights, for moving to far into the road way, failing to signal when turning left, etc. It is believed that the police's domineering presence and propensity for issuing as many tickets as possible, is an attempt to dissuade the riders from participating altogether.[65]
Some bicycling advocacy groups have expressed concern that the controversial nature of Critical Mass and altercations with motorists could weaken public support for bicyclists.[14] Though it does not condone incidents of violence and rudeness, the San Francisco Bicycle Coalition credits Critical Mass with spotlighting bicycle issues and aiding their efforts in advocating for cyclists.[1]
Still other cyclists[specify] believe that altercations with motorists during the rides have lead to a perception among motorists that cyclists are willing to defend themselves by physical force[citation needed]. News reports and videotapes of altercations with motorists have turned off some cyclists[specify], and aroused the sympathy and solidarity of other cyclists[specify]. Often, such news reports bring many new, first-time riders out to the rides the following month, and in the future.[citation needed]
In San Francisco, an event known as "Critical Manners" was created as a response to Critical Mass. Critical Manners rides through the city on the second Friday of the month, with riders encouraged to obey all traffic laws such as stopping at red lights and signaling.[66][67][68] Tucson, Arizona holds the Tuesday Night Community Bike Ride as their alternative to Critical Mass. The weekly ride encourages bicycle commuting and motor vehicle awareness in a peaceful and friendly way.[citation needed]
In 2007 there were conversations about starting Critical Manners in Portland, Oregon.[69] According to the Critical Mass book, edited by Chris Carlsson, rider Michael Bluejay of Austin, TX has worked on one of his projects, Courteous Mass described as "an alternative to Critical Mass."
The Critical Mass rides have inspired a number of other bicycle movements, among them Clothing-optional bike rides that range from political movements to the "Critical Tits" ride during the yearly Burning Man festival[70].
The name of the event has been subjected to word play in many contexts, ranging from advertising campaigns for commercial products to numerous other public events,[71] some with only remote similarities to Critical Mass.[citation needed] The extensive news coverage of San Francisco's July 1997 ride spawned an international celebration of bicycling, called Bike Summer;[72] in Chicago, a movement has grown out of the Critical Mass community to promote winter cycling via the bikewinter campaign.[73] The Rand Corporation produced a white paper entitled "What Next for Networks and Netwars?" analyzing the tactics of the ride, as part of an evaluation of decentralized decision-making for potential military battlefield use.[74] The ride has generated books,[75] documentary films,[76] murals,[77] and other secondary artifacts.
Critical Mass rides have generated considerable controversy and public opposition.[78] However, there is also public support, with many spectators cheering and enjoying the colorful festival-like events.[79]
 Critical Mass gathering in Chicago. |
 Rome Critical Mass, 29th July, 2005. |
 Cyclists in Critical Mass ride through Times Square in New York City on July 30, 2004. |
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 Critcal Mass at Heroes' Square, Budapest, April 22, 2006. |
 Critcal Mass San Francisco Embarcadero and Bay Bridge 9/29/06. |
 Critcal Mass San Francisco Broadway Tunnel 9/29/06. |
 Critcal Mass San Francisco Market St. 9/29/06. |
 Critcal Mass San Francisco Columbus St. 8/27/04. |
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The references in this article would be clearer with a different or consistent style of citation, footnoting, or external linking. |
