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[edit] Papanikolis
'''Dimitrios Papanikolis''' ({{lang-el|Δημήτριος Παπανικολής}}, 1790-1855) was a naval hero of the [[Greek Revolution]], famous for being the first to successfully employ a [[fireship]] to destroy an [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] ship of the line. == Life == Papanikolis was born on the island of [[Psara]] in 1790. During the Παπανικολής Δημήτριος (Ψαρά 1790 - Αθήνα 1855) Θαρραλέος μπουρλοτιέρης, με πολλά ναυτικά ανδραγαθήματα σε όλη τη διάρκεια του απελευθερωτικού Αγώνα. Στις 27 Μαΐου 1821, στην Ερεσσό της Μυτιλήνης,ανατίναξε τουρκικό δίκροτο που κατευθυνόταν στην Πελοπόννησο. Ο Δ. Παπανικολής πήρε μέρος σε πολλές ναυμαχίες, όπως εκείνη του Γέροντα τον Αύγουστο του 1824. Επίσης έδρασε στα παράλια της Μ. Ασίας και της Αττικής. Μετά την απελευθέρωση εκλέχτηκε πληρεξούσιος των Ψαριανών στην Εθνοσυνέλευση της 3ης Σεπτεμβρίου 1843. Επίσης διορίστηκε πρόεδρος του Ναυτοδικείου το 1846, θέση που διατήρησε ως το θάνατό του. Το 1927 το ελληνικό κράτος προμηθεύτηκε από τη Γαλλία υποβρύχιο που ονομάστηκε «Παπανικολής». == References == *{{gr icon}} [http://www.parliament.gr/1821/anafora/portreta_det.asp?agon=80 Short summary from the website of the Hellenic Parliament] {{Greek War of Independence|state=collapsed}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Apostolis, Nikolis}} [[Category:1790 births]] [[Category:1855 deaths]] [[Category:Greek revolutionaries]] [[Category:People from the North Aegean]] [[Category:People of the Greek War of Independence]]
[edit] Greek brig Aris
[[Image:Aris figurehead of Tsamadoy ship.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The figurehead of the ''Aris''.]] The [[brig]] '''''Aris''''' ({{lang-el|'''Άρης'''}}, named after the god [[Ares]]), was one of the most distinguished Greek ships during the [[Greek War of Independence]] and continued to serve in the Greek Navy until the early [[20th century]] as a training ship. == History == The 350-ton ''Aris'' was constructed as a merchant vessel in [[Venice]] in 1807. Upon the outbreak of the Revolution in March 1821, her owner, [[Anastasios Tsamados]] (1774-1825) from [[Hydra Island|Hydra]], armed the ship with 16 12-pounder guns and joined the fleet of his home island. ''Aris'' participated in many of the early naval clashes with the Ottoman Fleet, but became famous after the action fought at [[Navarino]] on [[26 April]] [[1825]], which became known as the "Escape of the ''Aris''" (Έξοδος του Άρεως). === Navarino === At that time, a Greek garrison was quartered at the island at [[Sphacteria]], which controlled the entrance of the excellent natural harbour of the Bay of [[Pylos]] (Navarino). [[Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt]], tasked by the [[Sultan]] to suppress the Greek revolt, needed to take the island in order to use the bay for his own purposes. ''Aris'', along with 5 other brigs, were anchored at Sphacteria when, on the morning of April 26, the combined Ottoman-Egyptian fleet arrived and started its attack on the island, bombarding the Greek positions and disembarking numerous troops. Most captains of the ships were on land, along with part of their crews, who were manning the island's cannons. The other ships sailed before the Ottoman fleet could seal off the bay, and after fighting off the Ottomans, were able to escape. The crew of ''Aris'' however still awaited their captain, who had been killed. Instead, [[Nikolaos Votsis]], the captain of the ''Athena'', which had already sailed without him, and [[Dimitrios Sachtouris]], the commander of the Navarino fortress, came aboard, fleeing the advancing Egyptian soldiers. Votsis took over as captain, with Sachtouris as his first mate, and set sail. Also present on the ship was the Secretary of State, [[Alexandros Mavrokordatos]], who was sent to the [[Hold (ship)|hold]] for safety. ''Aris'' sailed through the midst of the Turco-Egyptian fleet, being attacked on all sides for several hours and facing in total 32 ships one after another, before reaching the open sea. Casualties among the crew were just two dead and six wounded. Soon after, the icon of the Virgin Mary was brought up on deck by the sailors. The vessel, under full sail, took a course towards the outlet, but this was soon obstructed by two powerful Egyptian frigates which were intent on seizing her. By means of perfect steering and unbelievable dexterity, the ARES avoided the enemy's attempt, whilst at the same time causing them heavy damage with her 16 small guns. === After the Revolution === Μετά την απελευθέρωση αγοράστηκε από την Ελληνική Κυβέρνηση, μετονομάστηκε σε ΑΘΗΝΑ και με το όνομα αυτό χρησιμοποιήθηκε στο Β. Ναυτικό μέχρι το 1879 οπότε ξαναπήρε το ένδοξο όνομά του. Ως το 1921 χρησιμοποιήθηκε ως εκπαιδευτικό πλοίο της Σχολής Δοκίμων Ναυτοπαίδων του Πόρου, οπότε για εξοικονόμηση των εξόδων της περαιτέρω συντήρησής του βρέθηκε η ατυχής λύση της τιμητικής καταβύθισής του κοντά στη νησίδα Κυρά στα Διαπόρια. Ανατινάχτηκε τιμητικά με βομβαρδισμό στις 25 Μαρτίου του 1921 στον όρμο Ελευσίνας κατά τις εκδηλώσεις εκατονταετηρίδας από το ’21. [[el:Αθηνά (βρίκιο)]]
[edit] Tzani
see also: Macrones,[1],[2] The '''Tzani''' (Chanik - Ճանիք/Ճենիք - in medieval Armenian, '''Tzanoi''' or '''Sanoi''' in medieval Greek), were an ancient people that inhabited the [[Pontic Mountains]] south of [[Trebizond]]. They were a proto-[[Georgians|Georgian]] people, related to the [[Laz people|Laz]]. == History == The Tzani are first mentioned by [[Hecataeus of Miletus]] as having participated ... == References == {{Reflist}} [[Category:Ancient peoples]] [[Category:Byzantine Empire]] [[Category:History of Anatolia]] [[Category:History of Georgia (country)]]
[edit] Byzantine topics template
[edit] Achaemenid army
Image:Persepolis The Persian Soldiers.jpg Image:Persepolis Apadana noerdliche Treppe Detail.jpg Image:Archers frieze Darius palace Louvre AOD487.jpg The Achaemenid Persian army was the army of the Achaemenid Persian Empire, which for its duration from 559 BC to 330 BC was the largest empire in the ancient world. Like the Empire itself, the army was composed of contingents of the many subject ethnicities, which served alongside a core of Persian and Median troops.
[edit] History
[edit] Organization
[edit] Structure
Like other Asian military systems, the Persians organized their army on a decimal basis, with their units named accordingly. The basic unit was the file, or dathabam, of 10 men, led by the dathapatiš. Ten dathabam formed a satabam under a satapatiš, and ten dathabam in turn formed a regiment (hazarabam) under a hazarapatiš. The greatest formation was the division, called baivarabam, of 10,000 men, under a baivarapatiš. Xenophon also mentions commanders of 5 and 50 men, the former most likely identifiable as the pasçadathapatiš ("rear dathapatiš") found in Persian documents. These officers must have served as the second-in-command, and brought up the rear. While the same is not attested for the satabam, it is likely that this unit too had a deputy.[1]
Naturally, this breakdown reflects the ideal state of the army. In practice, ordinary garrison regiments are attested by written catalogues to have had greatly reduced strength, with a satabam containing 50-60 or even as few as 30-40 men.[2] Only elite Persian units may have been kept up to establishment strength. For instance, the guard division of the Immortals is explicitly mentioned by Herodotus to have received its name because it was always kept up to its nominal strength of 10,000.[3]
[edit] Ethnic makeup
Although the first Persian armies drew almost exclusively from the Persian and Median peoples, as the Empire spread, the army became multiethnic. The Persians demanded soldiers from their subject peoples
[edit] Infantry
[edit] Cavalry
[edit] Chariots
[edit] Allied and mercenary troops
[edit] References
[edit] Sources
- Herodotus, The Histories, Vols. I. & II. at the Project Gutenberg
- Dandamaev, Muhammad A.; Vogelsang, Willem J. (Transl.) (1989). A Political History of the Achaemenid Empire. BRILL. ISBN 9004091726.
- Farrokh, Kavedh (2007). Shadows in the Desert: Ancient Persia at War. Osprey Publications. ISBN 978-1-84603-108-3.
- Sekunda, Nicholas (1992). The Persian Army 560 - 330 BC (Elite Series #42). Osprey Publications. ISBN 1-85532-250-1.
- Achaemenid Persia - A History Resource, by Mark Drury
- [3]
[[Category:Achaemenid dynasty|Army]] [[Category:History of Iran]] [[Category:Military history of Ancient Greece]] [[Category:Military history of Persia]] [[Category:Warfare of the Ancient era]]
