Closed adoption

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Closed adoption (also called "confidential" adoption and sometimes "secret" adoption) is the process by where an infant is adopted by another family, and the record of the natural (birth) parent(s) is kept sealed. (Often, the natural father was not recorded -- even on the original birth certificate.) An adoption of an older child who already knows his or her natural parent(s) cannot be made closed or secret. This formerly was the most traditional and popular type of adoption. It still exists today, but its use is rapidly declining in favor of open adoption. The sealed records effectively prevent the adoptee and the natural parents from finding, or even knowing anything about each other (especially in the days before the internet). However, the emergence of non-profit organizations and private companies to assist individuals with their sealed records has been effective in helping people to reunite.

Contents 1 Background and procedure 2 Searches and reunions 3 Legal matters 4 Criticism of closed adoption 5 Organizations and media 6 Notes

[edit] Background and procedure

Historically, the three primary reasons for married couples to obtain a child via closed adoption have been infertility, asexuality, and having concern for a child's welfare (i.e. would not likely be adopted by others).^{[citation needed]} Occasionally, it has been used to ensure the sex of the child, such as in a family with five girls and no boys, for example. In 1917, Minnesota was the first U.S. state to pass an adoption confidentiality and sealed records law. ^[1] Within the next few decades, nearly every state had a similar law.

Most adopting parents in non-private adoptions would apply to a local children's home society (CHS). These organizations, which are a direct descendent of American orphanages closed long ago, are usually run via a state-wide network. A local CHS might also be a member of the national Child Welfare League of America (CWLA). ^[2] The CWLA and many children's home societies are still in operation today, but with an expanded and somewhat different agenda compared to past decades, as the government has largely taken over some of their previous responsibilities.

Prior to adoption, the infant would often be placed in temporary foster care for a few weeks until the adoption was approved. This would also help insure that he or she was healthy, and nothing was overlooked at the time of birth. Nowadays, this practice is discouraged, as it prevents immediate bonding between the mother and child. Also, much better medical testing is available, both prenatal and after birth. With the high demand to adopt infants, there is usually no reason the adoption cannot be initiated during the natural mother's pregnancy.

Once the adoption has been approved, the agency transfers the infant from foster care (if used) to the adoptive parents. After spending a few weeks or months with the adoptive parents, a local judge formally and legally approves the adoption. The infant is then issued a second, amended birth certificate that states the adopting parents as the actual parents (as if they were the child's biological parents). Of course, the adoptive family never had access to the original, and the information given to them can be quite limited (though this has varied somewhat over the years, and from one agency to another).

The hospital may be omitted on the amended birth certificate, especially if it primarily serves unwed mothers. In the U.S.A., many such hospitals were run by the Salvation Army, and named after its founder, William Booth. By the mid-1970s, all of these hospitals had closed due to high costs and the reduced need for secrecy as the social stigma of having a child out of wedlock in America had decreased. More and more mothers were either raising their child as a single parent (often with the help of the newly created institution of government welfare), or having an abortion (which was legal everywhere in the U.S.A. by 1973).

[edit] Searches and reunions

Though they did not exist until late in the 20th century, today there are internet sites and physical registries (by postal mail) designed so adoptees and their natural parents can locate one another at little or no cost. Of course, both must have registered in order for there to be a match. Many require the adoptee to be at least 18 years old.

Should these types of registries fail, recent laws in many states of the USA have made it possible for one party to contact the other via a confidential intermediary. This person petitions the court to view the sealed adoption records, then conducts a search similar to that of a private investigator. This can be either a search for the natural mother at the request of the adoptee, or vice versa. Quite often, in the many years which have passed since the adoptee was born, a natural mother or female adoptee has both moved to another address, and married or remarried resulting in a change of their surname. While this can make the search difficult and time consuming, a marriage certificate may provide the needed clue as to the person's whereabouts.

If and when the intermediary is able to contact the natural mother (or adoptee), they are informed that their adopted child (or natural mother) is inquiring about them. Should this party indicate that it does not want to be contacted, by law, the information would not be given out to the inquiring party. In practice, this seldom happens, and most often the natural mother and the adoptee are very happy to finally know one another. Upon the completion of the search in which the natural mother agrees to be contacted, the intermediary usually sends the adoptee the official unamended birth certificate obtained from the court. The adoptive parents' application to an adoption agency is still confidential, however.

It is uncommon to find both the natural mother and father at the same time. A separate search, if desired, can be done afterwards for the father. Since males seldom change their surname, and the mother might have additional information, it is usually easier than the initial search for the natural mother. In many cases, adoptees are able to do this second search for their natural father by themselves (or try before paying for assistance).

The cost for a confidential intermediary and related court fees is around US$500, but varies by state and agency. Most agencies charge a fixed fee which includes everything, and only in the most extreme and unusual circumstances ask for additional funds. If the adoptee is unable to locate (or would prefer to use a third person) to find his or her natural father, often the same confidential intermediary can be used for an additional fee.

In recent years, several private search companies such as OmniTrace and International Locators have been established to assist adoptees and birth mothers and fathers locate each other, as well as other types of people searching. These services typically cost more, but have far greater flexibility in regards to releasing information, and typically provide their own intermediary services. However, they cannot circumvent the law regarding the confidentiality process.

Females have statistically been somewhat more likely than males to search for their natural parents, and far more likely to search for their adopted children. Very often, the reason the infant was put up for adoption in the first place, was due to the natural father's unwillingness to marry or otherwise care for the child. Nevertheless, many natural fathers in this situation have agreed to meet with their grown children decades later.

[edit] Legal matters

Only a court order allows closed adoption records to be unsealed, which was quite uncommon prior to the early 1990s. A few cases have surfaced where records were thought to have been sealed, but were not; either by mishandling or misunderstanding. Although rare, a small number people have been prosecuted over the years for violating the confidentially of sealed adoption records. In 1998, Oregon voters passed Measure 58 which allowed adoptees to unseal their birth records without any court order. Some other states which formerly kept closed adoption records sealed permanently by default, have since changed to allowing release once the adoptee turns 18. However, these laws were not made retroactive; only future adoptions subsequent to the law's passage apply.

For searches involving a confidential intermediary, the intermediary initiates obtaining the court order, and is reimbursed for doing so. However, once the court grants this, it is still confidential information to everyone else until the other party agrees otherwise. (See the previous section.)

Many states, though, still keep this information sealed even after the adoptee and the natural parents agree to know and contact each other. A second court order would be required to have this information unsealed permanently. This is well beyond the scope of the initial search, and what is covered by the payment to the intermediary. Should an adoptee subsequently lose his or her unamended birth certificate, a court order may be required to obtain another one (even if a photocopy is submitted).

The probate laws of most states in the U.S. prohibit an adoptee from automatically inheriting from their natural parents. This applies regardless of whether or not the natural father participated in or agreed to the adoption. Had the adoption not have taken place, any son or daughter would be an heir upon their father's death -- regardless of who their childhood caretakers were. There can be additional complications if the birth father has subsequently moved to another state. Should a natural parent include an "unknown" adoptee in their will, the probate court has no obligation to fulfill this type of request, while "known" adoptees may have the same status as non-family members. However, there is some variation in probate laws from one state to another.

[edit] Criticism of closed adoption

Closed adoption has been increasingly criticized in recent years as being unfair to both the adoptee and his or her natural parents. Some people believe making a child's parents quite literally a state secret is a gross violation of human rights -- even to be analogous to slavery. (Many African Americans have rejected the concept of adoption on this basis.) On the other hand, the natural mother may have desired the secrecy because of a premarital affair. Prior to the middle of the 1960s decade, this was considered socially unacceptable to most people. Any unwed mother would likely have been shunned from society if found out. Nevertheless, few, if any, natural mothers saw the need to be blindfolded and handcuffed, or drugged unconscious during childbirth, so that they would neither see nor touch their babies.^[3]

When a natural mother loses her child to closed adoption, she may feel as if her child has died, but there is no funeral or other sort of public acknowledgment. This leads to no closure for the mothers, while the fathers' lives may continue on uninterrupted. Many of these mothers were never told about government support programs or child support. They did not receive any psychological counseling or legal advice. Instead, they signed legal documents drafted by attorneys of the adoption agency. Many mothers now question the ethics of this arrangement, and raise issues of signing under duress, lack of informed consent, and conflicts of interest.^[4]

In virtually all cases, the decision is up to the adoptive parents regarding how to inform the child that he or she has been adopted, and at what age to do so, if at all.^[5] Although a non-profit adoption agency (if one is used) might mail newsletters and solicit funds from the parents, traditionally, it has been extremely rare for them to communicate directly with the child. (Usually, adoption agencies do not contain the word "adoption" in their name.) There have been many children who grew up with the false belief that their adoptive parents were, in fact, their natural parents, when this was not so. Often, they eventually learned the truth from an older family friend, neighbor, or relative who may or may not have known about the parents' wishes to keep this a secret. Sometimes the adoptee's relationship with his or her adoptive parents goes bad, and it's forbidden to find their natural parents. The natural mother might often think of the child she had given away, but could not contact him or her -- even if they had passed the age of majority (usually 18).

Several studies on adoption report that healthy children adopted as infants are more than twice as likely to become emotionally disturbed,^[6] and that adoptive parents are more likely to be abusive than in more traditional families. The adoptive father may even be emotionally unattached to his child, and just "along for the ride" to please the adoptive mother. Other difficulties include the lack of a genetic medical history which could be important in disease prevention. Often, this was not given at the time of adoption, and the father's history is usually largely unknown even to the mother.

Though all parents make mistakes, adoptive parents may be less likely to consider the possibility that they are doing something wrong, and blame the child's heredity. The parents may even compare their adopted child to a near-perfect, genetically-related "fantasy" child. This enables them to blame ordinary problems which all parents face on their child's supposedly "defective" genes. Thus, while non-adoptive parents are focused on nurture, some adoptive parents are solely focused on nature (i.e. heredity) instead. This results in what could easily be a resolved problem, going unresolved in families with adopted children, possibly accompanied by child abuse. ^[7]

For many years in New York State, adoptees had to obtain the permission of their adoptive parents (unless deceased) to be included in a state-sponsored reunion registry regardless of the age of the adoptee. In some cases, older adults or even senior citizens felt like they were being treated like children, and required to obtain their parents' signature on the form. In a broader sense, they felt it could be inferred that adopted children are always children, and thus second-class citizens subject to discrimination. The law has since been changed. ^[8]

[edit] Organizations and media

Most states have an independent non-profit organization which helps adoptees and their parents initiate a search, and other related adoption support. Confidential intermediaries also work with these organizations, and are recommended or assigned to those beginning a search. To make the task easier, often the intermediary closest to the location where the adoptee was born is chosen. In some states, the children's home society in which an adoption took place may also provide assistance. The Salvation Army also provides information in helping those who were born or gave birth in its maternity hospitals or homes (see the external links below). This is a change from previous decades, when nothing was ever released without a rarely given or sought court order.

Starting in the late 1980s, many adoptees and their parents first learned about the possibility of reunion on the NBC (later CBS) television program Unsolved Mysteries hosted by Robert Stack. This was under their "Lost Loves" category, the vast majority of which involved closed adoption. Reruns of the program (with a few new segments and updates) were also aired on the Lifetime Television cable network until mid-2006, but have since been suspended. The series returns to television in the fall of 2008 on Spike TV cable network.^[9]

[edit] Notes