Charles Kingston

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Charles Cameron Kingston, (October 22, 1850 - May 11, 1908) Australian politician, was Premier of South Australia and a member of the first Federal Parliament serving under the Protectionist Party. He was a leading proponent of the federation of Australia and introduced the first law to give votes to women in Australia.

Kingston was born in Adelaide, the son of Sir George Kingston, a Protestant Irish-born surveyor, architect and landowner in the early days of British settlement in South Australia and later a member of the first South Australian Parliament. His mother, Ludovina Cameron, was of Portuguese descent. George Kingston boasted that he was "the first Irishman to set foot in the colony"^[1] and it is true that the Kingstons were among Adelaide's founding families. Charles was educated at the Adelaide Educational Institution and served his articles with Sir Samuel Way, Adelaide's leading lawyer and later Attorney-General. He was called to the bar in 1873, despite the objection of the elder brother of his future wife, Lucy May McCarthy on the grounds of Kingston's alleged seduction of her. He became a QC in 1889.^[2][3]

In 1873 Kingston married Lucy McCarthy. Lucy was an invalid for much of her life and they had no children. In a remarkable gesture, however, Lucy took in a child, Kevin Kingston, whom Kingston had fathered with another woman, Elizabeth Watson, in 1883. As a result of this scandal, Kingston was ostracised by Adelaide "society," his contempt for whom he never troubled to conceal. Kevin died in 1902.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] Political career

In 1881 Kingston was elected to the South Australian House of Assembly as a member for the working-class district of West Adelaide, as a radical liberal. He favoured reform of the Legislative Council (which was dominated by wealthy landowners) and other radical reforms. He was rumoured to be a republican, an atheist and to favour the abolition of marriage, but none of these were true.^{[citation needed]} He was described by William Maloney as the originator of the White Australia, although this policy came to be supported by virtually all Australian politicians at the time of federation.^[3]

Kingston was Attorney-General 1884-85 in the government of John Colton and again in 1887-89 in the government of Tom Playford. In 1893 he succeeded Playford as leader of the South Australian liberals and defeated conservative Premier John Downer to become Premier 1893-99, a record at the time of six and a half years, not to be broken until Thomas Playford IV, as well as Chief Secretary and Attorney-General, and also Minister for Industry 1895-99. Kingston came to office with the support of a new third party, the South Australian division of the Labor Party led by John McPherson, which held the balance of power. A big, imposing man with a full beard, a booming voice and a violent, cutting debating style, Kingston dominated the small world of South Australian colonial politics in the 1890s. He was a great hero to liberals and working class voters, and much hated by conservatives. In 1892, Richard Baker called him a "coward, a bully and a disgrace to the legal profession" in the Legislative Council and Kingston replied by calling Baker "false as a friend, treacherous as a colleague, mendacious as a man, and utterly untrustworthy in every relationship of public life". Kingston arranged for a duel but Baker had him arrested and as a result Kingston was bound over to keep the peace for a year.^[3]

Kingston had not supported votes for women at the 1893 elections but he was subsequently persuaded by his ministerial colleagues, John Cockburn and Frederick Holder of its political advantages and lobbied by the Woman's Christian Temperance Union. In December 1894 his government became the first Australian to introduce adult suffrage. His government also established the state bank of South Australia, regulated factories, imposed death duties and increased land tax and progressive income taxes.^[2][3]

[edit] Federation

A leading supporter of Federation, Kingston was a delegate to the Constitutional Conventions of 1891 and 1897-98 which worked to draft an Australian Constitution. In 1897 he travelled to London for the Diamond Jubilee of Queen Victoria, where he was made a Privy Councillor and awarded an honorary Doctor of Civil Laws degree by Oxford University. He also turned down the offer of a knighthood, to the distress of his wife. While there he lobbied senior British politicians in favour of Australian federation.^[3]

In 1899 Kingston's government was defeated in the House on a bill relating to the reform of the Legislative Council, leading to Kingston's resignation as Premier. By this time, however, he was more interested in federal politics, as the six Australian colonies moved towards federation. He was a leading figure in the popular movement for federation, and in 1900 he travelled to London with Edmund Barton and Alfred Deakin to oversee the passage of the federation bill through the Parliament of the United Kingdom.^[3]

When the Constitution came into effect on 1 January 1901, Barton formed the first federal ministry, and Kingston was appointed Minister for Trade and Customs. In March 1901 he was elected as one of South Australia's seven members of the first Australian House of Representatives. (South Australia was not divided into electoral Divisions in time for the election, and Kingston topped the statewide poll with 65% of the vote.) In 1903 he became the first member for the Division of Adelaide.^[3]

Kingston was a "high protectionist" - he favoured very high tariffs to protect Australia's fledgling manufacturing industries. Most of his time as minister was spent negotiating a customs bill through both houses of the Parliament, since no one party had a majority in either House and the forces of the Free Trade Party resisted his bill at every stage. Negotiating with his opponents was not among Kingston's many talents, and his bullying style made him many enemies. He also insisted on involving himself in the administrative details of his department and inisted on prosecutions of businesses to enforce his high-tariff policies.^[3]

In July 1903 Kingston resigned suddenly in a fit of anger due to the opposition of John Forrest and Edmund Barton to his attempt to impose conciliation and arbitration on British and foreign seamen engaged in the Australian coastal trade. He never held office again, although Labor offered him a position in Chris Watson's ministry–he turned this down, presumably because of ill-health. He remained as Member for Adelaide until his sudden death in May 1908, being allowed to run unopposed at both the 1903 and 1906 elections.^[2][3]

Kingston died in Adelaide of a stroke and was buried at the local West Terrace Cemetery, survived by his increasingly eccentric wife.^[3] The Division of Kingston is named after him.

Kingston's body was exhumed in March 2008 because two people thought they may be his direct descendants from an illegitimate child of his.^[4] It is claimed that Kingston was ostracised by Adelaide society for his sexual indiscretions,^[5][6] having fathered at least six illegitimate children.^[7][8]

[edit] References

Political offices
Preceded by Sir John Downer	Premier of South Australia 1893 – 1899	Succeeded by Vaiben Solomon
New title	Minister for Trade and Customs 1901 – 1903	Succeeded by William Lyne
Parliament of Australia
New division	Member for South Australia 1901 – 1903 Served alongside: Batchelor, Bonython, Glynn, Holder, Poynton, Solomon	Division abolished
New division	Member for Adelaide 1903 – 1908	Succeeded by Ernest Roberts

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Persondata
NAME	Kingston, Charles Cameron
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION	Politician and Premier of South Australia
DATE OF BIRTH	October 22, 1850
PLACE OF BIRTH	Adelaide
DATE OF DEATH	May 11, 1908
PLACE OF DEATH	Adelaide