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unit 20 study guide andrew gober
1. malcom x: American Black Muslim minister and a spokesman for the Nation of Islam.
2. john f. kennedy: the thirty-fifth President of the United States, serving from 1961 until his assassination in 1963.
3. robert kennedy: served as United States Attorney General from 1961 to 1964 and a US Senator from New York from 1965 until his assassination in 1968.
4. robert mcnamara: American business executive and a former United States Secretary of Defense.
5. j. edgar hoover: the first Director of the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) of the United States.
6. john dulles: served as U.S. Secretary of State under President Dwight D. Eisenhower from 1953 to 1959.
7. lee harvey oswald: the accused assassin of U.S. President John F. Kennedy on November 22, 1963 in Dallas, Texas.
8. jack ruby: convicted on March 14, 1964 for the murder of Lee Harvey Oswald on November 24, 1963, two days after Oswald was arrested for the assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
9. lyndon johnson: the thirty-sixth President of the United States from 1963 to 1969.
10. daniel ellsberg: a former American military analyst employed by the RAND Corporation who precipitated a national political controversy in 1971 when he released the Pentagon Papers, a top-secret Pentagon study of government decision-making about the Vietnam War, to The New York Times and other newspapers.
11. henry kissinger: served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the Richard Nixon administration.
12. john dean: White House Counsel to U.S. President Richard Nixon from July 1970 until April 1973.
13. archibald cox: an American lawyer who served as U.S. Solicitor General under President John F. Kennedy, and later became best known as the first special prosecutor for the Watergate scandal.
14. mikhail gorbachev: Russian politician. He was the last General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the last head of state of the USSR, serving from 1985 until its collapse in 1991.
15. james meredith: He was the first African-American student at the University of Mississippi, an event that was a flashpoint in the American civil rights movement.
16. bill clinton: 42nd President of the United States, serving from 1993 to 2001.
17. jimmy carter: 39th President of the United States from 1977 - 1981, and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in 2002.
18. anwar sadat: third President of Egypt, serving from October 15, 1970 until his assassination.
19. menachem begin: Israeli politician, Nobel Peace Prize laureate and the first Likud Prime Minister of Israel.
20. Edward Kennedy: son of U.S. Senator Ted Kennedy and Virginia Joan Bennett
21. ronald reagan: 40th President of the United States (1981–1989) and the 33rd Governor of California (1967–1975).
22. sandra day o'connor: Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States from 1981 until her retirement from the bench in 2006.
23. geraldine ferraro: Democratic politician and former member of the United States House of Representatives.
24. saddam hussein: A leading member of the revolutionary Ba'ath Party, which espoused secular pan-Arabism, economic modernization, and socialism, Saddam played a key role in the 1968 coup that brought the party to long-term power.
25. clarence thomas: American jurist and has been an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States since 1991.
26. george bush: Following the attacks on Pearl Harbor in 1941, at the age of 18, Bush postponed going to college and became the youngest naval aviator in US history.
27. oliver north: best known for his involvement in the Iran-Contra Affair.
28. gerald ford: thirty-eighth President of the United States, serving from 1974 to 1977, and the fortieth Vice President of the United States serving from 1973 to 1974.
29. boris yeltsin: On 12 June 1991 he was elected president of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic with 57% of the vote, becoming the first popularly elected president.
30. bay of pigs is an inlet of the Gulf of Cazones on the south coast of Cuba.
31. peace corps is an independent United States federal agency.
32. vietnamization slogan that he would end the war in Vietnam and bring "peace with honor"
33. freedom riders rode in interstate buses into the segregated southern United States to test the United States Supreme Court decision Boynton v. Virginia
34. watergate is a general term for a series of political scandals during the presidency of Richard Nixon, that began with five men being arrested after breaking and entering into the Democratic National Committee headquarters at the Watergate hotel complex
35. gulf of tonkin resolution was a joint resolution of the U.S. Congress passed on August 7, 1964 in direct response to a minor naval engagement known as the Gulf of Tonkin Incident
36. black panthers was an African-American organization established to promote civil rights and self-defense
37. tet offensive was a three-phase military campaign conducted between 30 January and 23 September 1968
38. kent state is one of America’s largest university systems, the third largest university
39. warren comission was established on November 29, 1963, by Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination of U.S. President John F. Kennedy
40. cuban missle crisis was a confrontation between the United States of America, the Soviet Union, and Cuba during the Cold War
41. alliance for progress initiated by U.S. President John F. Kennedy in 1961 aimed to establish economic cooperation between North and South America
42. detente is a French term, meaning a relaxing or easing; the term has been used in international politics since the early 1970s
43. great society was a set of domestic programs proposed or enacted in the United States on the initiative of President Lyndon B. Johnson
44. 1964 civil rights act was a landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed segregation in the U.S. schools and public places
45. 1965 voting rights act outlawed the requirement that would-be voters in the United States take literacy tests to qualify to register to vote, and it provided for federal registration of voters in areas that had less than 50% of eligible minority voters registered
46. watts is the SI derived unit of power, equal to one joule of energy per second.
47. domino theory was a foreign policy theory, promoted by the government of the United States, that speculated that if one land in a region came under the influence of communism, then the surrounding countries would follow in a domino effect
48. six day war was fought between Israel and Arab neighbors Egypt, Jordan, and Syria. The nations of Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait and Algeria also contributed troops and arms to the Arab forces
49. counterculture is a sociological word used to describe the values and norms of behavior of a cultural group, or subculture, that run counter to those of the social mainstream of the day
50. pentagon papers is the popular name for a 7,000-page top-secret United States government report about the history of the Government's internal planning and policy concerning the Vietnam War
51. miranda v. arizona was a landmark 5-4 decision of the United States Supreme Court
52. impoundment is the refusal of presidents of the United States to spend money that has been appropriated by the United States Congress
53. saturday night massacre was the term given by political commentators to U.S. President Richard Nixon's executive dismissal of independent special prosecutor Archibald Cox
54. war powers act is a resolution of Congress that stated that the President can send troops into action abroad only by authorization of Congress or if American troops are already under attack or serious threat
56. iran hostages was a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the United States where 52 U.S. diplomats were held hostage for 444 days
57. afghanistan is a landlocked country that is located approximately in the center of Asia.
58. bakke v. regents of california was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States on affirmative action
59. reaganomics refers to the economic policies promoted by United States President Ronald Reagan
60. star wars is an epic space opera franchise initially developed by George Lucas during the 1970s and significantly expanded since that time. The first film in the franchise was simply titled Star Wars, but later had the subtitle A New Hope added to distinguish it from its sequels and prequels. Star Wars was released on May 25, 1977 by 20th Century Fox, and became a worldwide pop culture phenomenon, initially spawning two sequels. Twenty-two years after Star Wars was released, Lucas began the release of a second trilogy as a prequel to the original trilogy.
61. teflon president is a nickname given to persons, particularly in politics, to whom criticism does not seem to stick
62. contras & sandinistas is a Nicaraguan political party founded on the broad leftist principles of the popular front
63. glasnot & peresroika were Mikhail Gorbachev's watchwords for the renovation of the Soviet body politic and society that he pursued as general secretary of the Communist Party from 1985 until 1991
64. gramm-rudman-hollings act were, according to U.S. Senator Phil Gramm of Texas, "the first binding constraint imposed on federal spending, and its spending caps have become part of every subsequent U.S. budget. Together with a rapidly growing economy it produced the first balanced federal budget in a quarter of a century.
65. tiananmen square is the large plaza near the center of Beijing, China, named after the Tiananmen
66. americans with disabilities act is the short title of United States, codified at 42 U.S.C. § 12101 et seq., signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H. W. Bush.
67. 27th ammendment is the most recent amendment to the United States Constitution, having been ratified in 1992, 202½ years after its initial submission in 1789.
68. lee harvey oswald
69. i think nxon was with water gate
70. it is on there holy ground
71. it just get more people killed
72. huge for both girls and african americans in voteing, the work place, and school
73. we could not tell who the bad guys where
74. bakke v. regents of california was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of the United States on affirmative action
75. a big boom for a short time and a less feared every day life
unit 19 study guide Andrew Gober
1. harry truman was the thirty-third President of the United States
2. dwight eisenhower General of the Army in the United States Army and U.S. politician, who served as the thirty-fourth President of the United States
3. joseph mcCarthy served as a Republican U.S. Senator from the state of Wisconsin
4. alger hiss was a U.S. lawyer, civil servant, administrator, businessman, author, and lecturer.
5. julius and ethel rosenberg were American Communists who received international attention when they were executed
6. jimmy hoffa' was an American labor leader.
7. nikita khrushchev served as First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
8. thurgood marshall was an American jurist and the first African American to serve on the Supreme Court of the United States.
9. rosa parks was an African American civil rights activist
10. richard nixon was the thirty-seventh President
11. john kennedy was the thirty-fifth President
12. fidel castro is a Cuban revolutionary leader
13. gamal abdel nasser was the second President of Egypt
14. marilyn monroe was a Golden Globe award winning American actress
15. martin luther king jr. was one of the pivotal leaders of the American civil rights movement
16. lyndon B. johnson often referred to as LBJ, was the thirty-sixth President
17. fulgencio batista was a Cuban military officer
18. chaing kai- shek served as Generalissimo of the national government of the Republic of China
19. mao tse-tung was a Chinese military and political leader
20. ho chi minh was a Vietnamese revolutionary and statesman
21. douglas macarthur was an American general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army
22. storm thrumond was an American politician who served as governor of South Carolina and as a United States Senator.
23. jackie robinson became the first African-American major league baseball player
24. john foster dulles served as U.S. Secretary of State
25. ngo dinh diem was the first President of South Vietnam
26. mohammed reza pahlevi was imperial titles of Shahanshah
27. elvis presley was an American singer
28. george kennan was an American advisor
29. emploment act is a United States federal law. Its main purpose was to lay the responsibility of economic stability onto the federal government.
30. cold war The Cold War was the period of conflict, tension and competition between the United States and the Soviet Union
31. iron curtain speech The "Iron Curtain" was the symbolic, ideologic, and physical boundary dividing Europe into two separate areas from the end of World War II
32. berlin blockade was one of the first major crises of the new Cold War.
33. montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in Montgomery, Alabama
34. FHA created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934
35. 17th parallel/geneva is an imaginary circle of latitude that is 17 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
36. yalta conference was the wartime meeting from 4 February 1945 to 11 February 1945 between the heads of government of the United States, the United Kingdom
37. eisenhower doctrine given in a message to the United States Congress on January 5, 1957, was the foreign policy of U.S. President Dwight D. Eisenhower
39. nato is a military alliance established by the signing of the North Atlantic Treaty on 4 April 1949.
40. sit ins is a form of direct action that involves one or more people nonviolently occupying an area for a protest, often to promote political, social, or economic change. A sit-in is a form of nonviolence.
41. brown vs. board of education was a landmark decision of the United States Supreme Court, which overturned earlier rulings going back to Plessy v. Ferguson in 1896, by declaring that state laws that established separate public schools for black and white students denied black children equal educational opportunities.
42. sputnik was a series of robotic spacecraft missions launched by the Soviet Union.
43. gi bill provided for college or vocational education for returning World War II veterans as well as one year of unemployment compensation.
44. united nations is an international organization whose stated aims are to facilitate cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress and human rights issues.
45. nuremberg trials were a series of trials most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military and economic leadership of Nazi Germany.
46. nsc 68 or National Security Council Report 68 was a 58 page classified report issued in the United States on April 14, 1950 during the presidency of Harry S. Truman.
47. jim crow were state and local laws enacted in the Southern and border states of the United States and enforced between 1876 and 1965.
48. military industrial complex is composed of a nation's armed forces, its suppliers of weapons systems, supplies and services, and its civil government.
49. landrum griffin act Legislation in the U.S. designed to counter labour-union corruption.
50. truman doctrine was a proclamation by U.S. President Harry S Truman on March 12, 1947.
51. seato was an international organization for collective defense created by the Southeast Asia Collective Defense Treaty or the Manila Pact, that was signed on September 8, 1954.
52. opec is a large group of countries made up of Algeria, Angola, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, the United Arab Emirates, Venezuela, and Ecuador.
53. veterans administration is a government-run military veteran benefit system with Cabinet-level status.
54. sun belt is a region of the United States generally considered to stretch across the South and Southwest
55. potsdam conference was held at Cecilienhof, the home of Crown Prince Wilhelm Hohenzollern, in Potsdam, Germany
56. marshall plan was the primary plan of the United States for rebuilding and creating a stronger foundation for the allied countries of Europe, and repelling communism after World War II.
57. little rock is the capital and the most populous city of the U.S. state of Arkansas and the county seat of Pulaski County.
58. U2 incident was a Cold War incident that occurred on May 1, 1960 when an American U–2 spy plane was shot down over the Soviet Union.
59.IMF/world bank is an internationally supported bank that provides loans to developing countries for development programs
60. containment refers to the foreign policy strategy of the United States in the early years of the Cold War.
61. national security Act signed by U.S. President Harry S. Truman realigned and reorganized the United States' armed forces, foreign policy, and Intelligence Community apparatus in the aftermath of World War II.
62. creation of israel On November 29, 1947, the United Nations General Assembly voted 33 to 13, with 10 abstentions, in favor of a Partition Plan that created the State of Israel
63. suez crisis was a military attack on Egypt by Britain, France, and Israel beginning on 29 October 1956.
64. formosa is an island in East Asia.
65. smith act 1940 is a United States federal statute that makes it a criminal offense for anyone to
66. fair deal was U.S. President Harry S. Truman's policy of social improvement, outlined in his 1949 State of the Union Address to Congress on January 5, 1949.
67. New frontier was used by John F. Kennedy in his acceptance speech in 1960 to the Democratic National Convention at the Los Angeles Memorial Coliseum as the Democratic nominee.
68. 38th parrllel is a circle of latitude that is 38 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane.
69. sclc/sncc was one of the principal organizations of the American Civil Rights Movement in the 1960s.
70. opration lanter and the way we ended wwI
71.
72.familys where forced to conform to do what every one was doing or be called a trater
73.well the spred of communism was a big part of it
74.he was to young
75. the russian beat us and we are the best and now they could shout at us from space
unit 18 sg
1. Cordell Hull was an American politician from the U.S. state of Tennessee.
2. Douglas MacArthur was an American general and Field Marshal of the Philippine Army.
3. Dwight D. Eisenhower nicknamed "Ike", was a General of the Army
4. Francisco Franco was leader of Spain
5. Chester Nimitz was the Commander-in-Chief of Pacific Naval Forces
6. Winston Churchill was a British politician known chiefly for his leadership of Great Britain during World War II.
7. George Patton was a leading U.S. Army general in World War II
8. Erwin Rommel was perhaps the most famous German field marshal of World War II.
9. Harry Truman was the thirty-third President of the United States
10. Albert Einstein was a German-born theoretical physicist.
11. Senator Nye was a United States Senator, representing North Dakota in the United States Senate
12. Adolph Hitler was an Austrian-born politician who led the National Socialist German Workers Party.
13. Benito Mussolini was an Italian who led the National Fascist Party
14. Joseph Stalin was General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's
15. Tydings-McDuffie Act approved on March 24, 1934 was a United States federal law which provided for self-government of the Philippines
16. Reciprocal Trade Agreement is a wide ranging tax, tariff and trade pact that often includes investment guarantees
17. Neutrality Act 1937 were a series of laws that were passed by the United States Congress
18. Kormatsu vs. U.S. was a landmark United States Supreme Court case concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066
19. Smith-Conally Anti-Strike Act was an American law passed on June 25, 1943
20. Braceros was a temporary contract labor program initiated by an August 1942 exchange of diplomatic notes between the United States and Mexico. Contents
21. Baaton Death March The Bataan Death March was a war crime involving the forcible transfer of prisoners of war
22. Midway was a major naval battle in the Pacific Theater of World War II
23. Battle of the Bulgewas a major German offensive on the Western Front and was launched towards the end of World War II.
24. Pearl Harbor is a harbor on the island of Oʻahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu
25. Neutrality Act 1939 were a series of laws that were passed by the United States Congress in the 1930s
26. was the name of the program under which the United States of America supplied the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union, China, France and other Allied nations with vast amounts of war materiel
27. Rosie the Riveter is a cultural icon of the United States
28. V-E Day Victory in Europe Day
29. V-J Day Victory over Japan Day
30.Preparedness refers to the state of being prepared for specific or unpredictable events or situations
31. Arsenal of Democracy is one of the most famous of 30 fireside chats broadcast on the radio by United States President Franklin Delano Roosevelt
32. GI is a term describing members of the US armed forces or items of their equipment
33. Kamikaze is a word of Japanese origin, which in English usually refers to the suicide attacks
34. FEPC implemented US Executive Order 8802, requiring that companies with government contracts not discriminate on the basis of race or religion
35. D-Day is a term often used in military parlance to denote the day on which a combat attack or operation is to be initiated
36. Atlantic Charter was negotiated at the Atlantic Conference
37. Spanish Civil War was a major conflict in Spain that started after an attempted coup d'état committed by parts of the army against the government of the Second Spanish Republic
38. Panay is an island in the Philippines located in the Visayas
39. Atomic Bomb is a type of explosive weapon that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions of fission or a combination of fission and fusion
40. Double V Campaign to fight in the war to win and gain freedom
41. Internment Camps is the imprisonment or confinement of people, commonly in large groups, without trial
42. Holocaust is the term generally used to describe the genocide of approximately six million European Jews during World War II
43. Seventh Pan-American Conf. is a multi-purpose arena in Las Cruces, New Mexico
44. Rome-Berlin Axis were those countries opposed to the Allies during World War II
45. Johnson Debt Default Act had forbade the United States from trading with any warring nation except on cash terms
46. Appeasement acquiring peace by way of concessions ór gifts
47. non-agression pact(USSR/Ger.) is an international treaty between two or more states
48.Phony War was a phase in early World War II from September 1939 until May 1940
49. Code Talkers is a term used to describe people who talk using a coded language
50. ABC-1 Secret discussions between United States and British military staff members on American, British and Canadian
51. Elbe River Meeting
52.the worst thing about it is that it back the emamy in to a corner and gives them nothing so why not just fight tell the end
53.it was geting to big to left unchecked
54. we joined the war and started to help them out
55. The speech intensified America's isolationist mood, causing protest by isolationists and foes to intervention.
56. not a hole lot a few less ships but we got more baseis
57. he was closer to friendlys so we had to help them out
unit 17 study guide questions
70. Europe did not have the funds to pay the United States, and claimed that they’re allegiance in the war was payment enough.
71. Unions and progressive achievements saw a great increase during the Harding administration.
72. High tariffs made it difficult for the United States consumer to get imported goods.
73. The new deal did not end the depression, it simply lightened it’s encumbrance on the American people.
74. The supreme court was packed with politicians who leaned sharply against FDR. FDR tried to add 6 justices to the court. FDR’s administration was damaged from then on by this failed attempt.
75. Credit, rampant speculation, and the stock market.
76. The new deal did alleviate some of the burden that was the depression, but it also helped cause the dust bowl.
Jay D. Congdon II Unit 16 Warren G. Harding: Horrible president in 1920
Ernest Hemingway: Writer who committed suicide in 1961.
Eugene Debs:
Henry Cabot Lodge: Senator, anti-Wilson/LoN
Margaret Sanger: Feminist and advocate of birth control.
F. Scott Fitzgerald: Author of “The Great Gatsby”.
Ransom Olds: Inventor and founder of Oldsmobile
Al Capone: Legendary gangster and bootlegger, finally convicted of tax evasion.
T.S. Eliot: Poet
Woodrow Wilson: President before and during WWI. Tried to avoid war but declared anyway, very stubborn and lost the LoN because of it.
Herbert Hoover: Hero appointed to head the Food Administration.
Mitchell Palmer:
Marcus Garvey: Founder of the United Negro Improvement Association. Wanted blacks to return to Africa.
Henry Ford: Invented the Model T and drastically improved American industry.
Bruce Barton: Author of “The Man Nobody Knows”.
Charles Lindbergh: Pilot who flew over the Atlantic ocean.
William Faulkner: Author of “Soldier’s Pay”.
Andrew Mellon: Secretary of Treasury who reduced national debt and shifted taxes from wealthy to middle class.
Sacco and Vanzetti:
John Dewey: Professor and Author of “Learning by Doing”.
John Pershing: General in charge of American activity during WWI.
Clarence Darrow: Famous criminal lawyer.
David Lloyd George: Prime Minister of Britain during WWI.
Vittorio Orlando: Premier of Italy during WWI.
Georges Clemenceau: Premier of France during WWI.
Orville and Wilber Wright: Invented the first airplane, bicycle repairmen.
Guglielmo Marconi: Invented the wireless telegraph.
Frank Lloyd Wright: Architect.
Sigmund Freud: Important psychologist who discovered the damage of sexual repression.
Lusitania: Sister ship of the titanic, sunk by German U-boats.
St. Valentines Day: Al Capone massacres 7 members of rival gang.
Emergency Quota Act: Restrictions placed on eastern and southern European immigration.
League of Nations: Powerless world parliament, accepted by Europe but rejected by U.S.
Liberty Bonds: Loans given by citizens of the U.S. in support of WWI and WWII.
14 points: Agreement with Germany after WWI that never came to fruition.
Zimmerman Telegram: A letter sent from Germany to Mexico, encouraging Mexico to take offensive action against the U.S.
Red Scare: Great fear of the spread of communism.
Monkey Trial: Scopes tries to teach evolution, is fined.
KKK: Ku Klux Klan.
UNIA: United Negro Improvement Association.
Jazz: Music of the 1920’s.
Immigration Act: Quotas reduced to 2%.
18th Amendment: Prohibition.
19th Amendment: Women’s suffrage.
Treaty of Versailles: Treaty that Germany is given instead of the 14 points.
Espionage and Sedition acts: Acts attempt to stop anti-war Americans and foreign agents.
Allies: Russia, Britain, Japan, Italy, France, and U.S.
Central Powers: Austria-Hungary, Germany, Bulgaria, and Turkey.
Creel Organization:
Farmerettes: Working women.
Food Administration: Ran by Herbert Hoover.
Conscription:
Bolsheviks: Revolt against the Russian government.
54. The major European nations had a plethora of secret treaties 55. The U.S. entered the war because of unrestricted U-boat warfare, the Zimmerman note, and to help allies. 56. Wilson was a hero because he was able to avoid war for so long. 57. At home those who weren’t fighting the war worked in factories to improve industry and took part in liberty bonds. 58. The “Big 4” were all looking out for themselves, not the world. 59. The senate was hostile against the LoN because Wilson did not bring a GOP representative and did not completely represent the U.S. 60. Communism was viewed as an evil and oppressive threat. 61. Prohibition caused an extreme rise in crime rate. 62. The automobile allowed workers to be farther away from their jobs, items to be shipped more quickly, and created a whole new and powerful industry in the U.S. 63. Some signals that the 1920’s economy would soon collapse were the closing of farms, wild credit use, and corrupted or over speculated stocks. 64. The radio, airplane, automobile, and telegraph.
unite 17 sg Andrew Gober
1. Warren Harding was the 29th President of the United States, from 1921 to 1923.
2. Andrew Mellon was an American banker, industrialist, philanthropist, art collector and Secretary of the Treasury from March 4, 1921 until February 12, 1932.
3. william Howard Taft was an American politician, the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice of the United States
4. Calvin Coolidge more commonly known as Calvin Coolidge, was the thirtieth President of the United States (1923–1929).
5. Eleanor Roosevelt was an American political leader who used her influence as an active First Lady from 1933 to 1945 to promote the New Deal
6. Dr. Francis Townsend was an American physician who was best known for his revolving old-age pension proposal during the Great Depression.
7. Harry Daugherty was an American politician.
8. General Daugherty disclosed to Harding that Charles Forbes, director of the Veterans Bureau
9. harry Hopkins was one of Franklin Delano Roosevelt's closest advisers.
10. Huey Long nicknamed The Kingfish, was an American politician from the U.S. state of Louisiana.
11. Franklin Roosevelt often referred to by his initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States.
12. Father Coughlin was a Canadian-born Roman Catholic priest at Royal Oak, Michigan's National Shrine of the Little Flower Church.
13. Charles Forbes a chance acquaintance of Warren Harding, was appointed to head the recently created Veterans' Bureau
14. Frances forbes The first Chief Justice of New South Wales
15. John steinbeck was one of the best-known and most widely read American writers of the 20th century.
16. john Collier was a British-born author and screenplay writer best known for his short stories
17. john lewis is an American politician and was a leader in the American Civil Rights Movement.
18. Alber fall was a United States Senator from New Mexico and the Secretary of the Interior under President
19. Robert Lafollette was an American senator from Wisconsin
20. Alferd Smith known in private and public life as Al Smith
21. Henry Stimson was an American statesman, who served as Secretary of War, Governor-General of the Philippines, and Secretary of State.
22. Ohio Gang were a group of politicians and industry leaders who came to be associated with Warren G. Harding
23. Adkins v. Childrens Hospital is a Supreme Court opinion holding that federal minimum wage legislation for women was an unconstitutional infringement of liberty of contract
24. Veteran's Bureau was created to administer disability compensation, insurance for veterans and vocational rehabilitation for the disabled.
25. ADjusted Compensation act Two major bills of the United States Congress
27. court packing scheme Early in 1937, FDR tried to pass a court reform bill designed to allow the president to appoint an additional Supreme Court justice
28. hundred day congress On his first day in office, March 4, 1933, FDR called Congress into a special session.
29. Emergency banking Relif act was an act of the United States Congress spearheaded by President Franklin D. Roosevelt during the Great Depression
31. FEderal Deposit insurance corpration protects the first $100000 of deposits that are payable in the United States.
32. agricultal adjustment act restricted production during the New Deal by paying farmers to reduce crop area.
33. civil Works Administration was established by the New Deal during the Great Depression to create jobs for millions of unemployed
34. hatch act is a United States federal law whose main provision is to prohibit federal employees (civil servants) from engaging in partisan
35. public works administration a New Deal organization headed by Harold L. Ickes, was created in June 1933 in the midst of the Great Depression
36. dust bowl was a series of dust storms (sometimes referred to as black blizzards)causing major ecological and agricultural damage
37. social security act in the United States, currently refers to the Federal Old-Age, Survivors, and Disability Insurance (OASDI) program
38. Fair Labor Standerds Act establishes minimum wage, overtime pay, recordkeeping, and child labor standards
39. Kellog-Briand pact also known as the Pact of Paris, after the city where it was signed on August 27, 1928, was an international treaty
40. american legion is an organization of veterans of the United States armed forces who served in wartime
41. reconstrution finance corporation was an independent agency of the United States government chartered during the administration of Herbert Hoover
42. Hawley smoot tariff raised U.S. tariffs on over 20,000 imported goods to record levels
43. Brain Trust These men played a key role in shaping the policies of the First New Deal.
44. 21th amendment to the United States Constitution repealed the Eighteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution
45. fireside chat were a series of thirty evening radio speeches given by United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt between 1933 and 1944.
46. works progress Ad WPA The By the People, For the People
47. tennessee valley authority is a federally owned corporation in the United States created by congressional charter in May 1933
48. indian reorganization act also known as the Wheeler-Howard Act or informally, the Indian New Deal or the Indian Magna Charta
49. wagner act commonly known as the Taft-Hartley Act, is a United States federal law that greatly restricts the activities and power of labor unions
50. teapot dome scandal became a parlor issue in the presidential election of 1924, but as the investigation had only just started earlier that year
51. forgotten wan poor people
52. dawes plan an agreement of August 1924, the main points of The Dawes Plan were:
1. The Ruhr area was to be evacuated by Allied occupation troops. 2. Reparation payments would begin at one billion marks for the first year and would increase over a period of four years to two and one half billion marks per year. 3. The German Reichsbank would be reorganized under Allied supervision. 4. Foreign loans (primarily from the United States) would be made available to Germany. 5. The sources for the reparation money would include transportation, excise, and custom taxes.
53. bonus expeditionary force was an assemblage of about 17,000 World War I veterans
54. black tuesday also known as the Crash of ’29 , was — taking into consideration the full scope and longevity of its fallout
55. new deal gave to a sequence of programs and promises he initiated between 1933 and 1938 with the goal of giving relief
56. federal housing administration is a United States government agency created as part of the National Housing Act of 1934.
57. good neighbor policy is a policy of "love thy neighbour". Some people have this policy towards others in their lives
58. civil conservation corps was a work relief program for young men from unemployed families
59. federal emergency relif admin was the name given by the Roosevelt Administration to a program similar to unemployment-relief efforts of the Reconstruction Finance Corporation
60. home owners loan corporation or Home Owner's Refinancing Act, was a New Deal agency established in 1933 under President Franklin Roosevelt
61. securities & exchange commission is a United States government agency having primary responsibility for enforcing the federal securities laws and regulating the securities industry/stock market
62. national recovery admin created in the United States of America under the 1933 National Industrial Recovery Act, was one of the New Deal programs of President Franklin D. Roosevelt and his administration
64. federal securities act codified at 15 U.S.C. § 77a et seq., in the aftermath of the stock market crash of 1929 and during the ensuing Great Depression
65. congress of industrial organization proposed by Senator Huey Long in 1932, was a federation of unions that organized workers in industrial unions in the United States and Canada from 1935 to 1955
66. four & nine power treaties was a treaty affirming the sovereignty and territorial integrity of China as per the Open Door Policy, signed by all of the attendees to the Washington Naval Conference on 6 February 1922.
67. fordney-mcCumber tariff law eflected American isolationist inclinations following World War I.
68. esch cummins transportation act or Railroad Transportation Act (P.L. 66-152, 41 Stat. 456), returned railroads to private operation after World War I with much regulation
69. rugged individualism is a term used to describe a moral, political, or social outlook that stresses human independence and the importance of individual self-reliance and liberty
unite 15 sg andrew gober
1. henry lioyd was an American baseball player and manager in the Negro Leagues.
2. general pershing was an officer in the United States Army.
3. david phillips was a former professional and Welsh international footballer who played as a midfielder for Plymouth Argyle, Manchester City, Coventry City, Norwich City, Nottingham Forest, Huddersfield Town, Lincoln City and Stevenage Borough.
4. kaiser willhelm II was the last German Emperor and King of Prussia, ruling both the German Empire and the Kingdom of Prussia from 15 June 1888 to 9 November 1918.
5. venustiano carranzav was one of the leaders of the Mexican Revolution.
6. dr. harvey w. wiley was a noted chemist best known for his leadership in the passage of the landmark Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 and his subsequent work at the Good Housekeeping Institute laboratories.
7. upton sinlcair was a prolific American author who wrote over 90 books in many genres and was widely considered to be one of the best investigators, advocating socialist views and supporting anarchist causes.
8. charles evans hughes was a lawyer and Republican politician from the State of New York.
9. woodrow wilson was the twenty-eighth President of the United States.
10. louis brandeis was an American litigator, Supreme Court Justice, advocate of privacy, and developer of the Brandeis Brief.
11. general huerta was a Mexican military officer and president of Mexico.
12. jacob riis a Danish-American muckraker journalist, photographer, and social reformer, was born in Ribe, Denmark.
13. theodore dreiser was an American author of the naturalist school, known for dealing with the gritty reality of life.
14. william jennings bryan was an American politician, orator and lawyer.
15. gifford pinchot was the first Chief of the United States Forest Service (1905–1910) and the Governor of Pennsylvania (1923–1927, 1931–1935). He was a Republican and Progressive.
16. pancho villa better known as Francisco or "Pancho" Villa, was a Mexican Revolutionary general.
17. jane addams was a founder of the U.S. Settlement House movement, and the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
18. ida tarbell was a teacher, author and journalist.
19. lincoln steffens was an American journalist and one of the most famous and influential practitioners of the journalistic style called muckraking.
20. robert lafollette was an American politician who served as a U.S. Congressman, the 20th Governor of Wisconsin
21. jack london was an American author who wrote The Call of the Wild and other books.
22. william howard taft was an American politician, the twenty-seventh President of the United States, the tenth Chief Justice of the United States
23. theodore roosevelt also known as T.R., and to the public (but never to friends and intimates) as Teddy, was the twenty-sixth President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement.
24. richard ballinger was mayor of Seattle, Washington, from 1904–1906 and U.S. Secretary of the Interior from 1909–1911.
trems
25. carey act 1894 was put in place that allowed companies to make a profit building
26. central powers The Central Powers was one of the two sides that participated in World War I.
27. allies sometimes referred to as the Entente Powers (from Triple Entente), were the countries at war with the Central Powers during World War I.
28. u boats is the anglicized version of the German word U-Boot, itself an abbreviation of Unterseeboot
29. lusitania was an ancient Roman province approximately including all of modern Portugal
30. mcclures was an American illustrated monthly periodical popular at the turn of the 20th century.
31. millionaires club was a professional wrestling stable in World Championship Wrestling in 2000.
32. elkins act strengthened the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 by imposing heavy fines on railroads offering rebates and on the shippers accepting them.
33. sierra club is an American environmental organization founded on May 28, 1892 in San Francisco, California by the well-known preservationist John Muir, who became its first president.
34. aldrich vreeland act of May 30, 1908, was passed in response to the Panic of 1907 and established the National Monetary Commission, which recommended the Federal Reserve Act of 1913.
35. bull moose party The United States Progressive Party of 1912 was a political party created in the United States by a split in the Republican Party in the presidential election of 1912.
36. 16th amendment of the United States Constitution was ratified on February 3, 1913. This Amendment overruled Pollock v. Farmers' Loan & Trust Co.
37. workingmen's comensation act The effort to extend financial assistance to injured workers was a prime concern of many progressives.
38. federal trade commission act of 1914 established the Federal Trade Commission, a bipartisan body of five members appointed by the President of the United States for seven year terms.
39. new freedom policy of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson promoted antitrust modification, tariff revision, and reform in banking and currency matters.
40. jones act known as the Philippine Autonomy Act of 1916, replaced the Philippine Organic Act of 1902 (Philippine Bill of 1902) that served as the de facto initial constitution of the Philippine Islands after it was ceded by Spain to the United States by virtue of the Treaty of Paris.
41. new lands act of 1902 is a United States federal law that funded irrigation projects for the arid lands of the American West. It was authored by Representative Francis G. Newlands of Nevada.
42. meat inspection act of 1906 was a United States federal law that authorized the Secretary of Agriculture to order meat inspections and condemn any meat product found unfit for human consumption.
43. pure food and drug act of June 30, 1906 is a United States federal law that provided federal inspection of meat products, and forbade the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated food products or poisonous patent medicines.
44. muckrackers is a writer who investigates and exposes societal issues such as conditions in slums and prisons, child prostitution, child pornography, unsanitary conditions in food processing plants, fraudulent claims by manufacturers of patent medicines and related topics.
45. referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal.
46. desert land act was passed by the United States Congress on March 3,1877 to encourage and promote the economic development of the arid and semiarid public lands of the Western United States.
47. triple wall of privilege Banks. The Tariff. Trusts. Previous slide
48. federal farm loan act of 1916 is a United States federal law that established 12 regional Farm Loan Banks to serve members of Farm Loan Associations.
49. payne aldrich bill began in the United States House of Representatives as a bill lowering certain tariffs on goods entering the United States.[1] It was the first change in tariff laws since the Dingley Act of 1897.
50. 18th of the United States Constitution, along with the Volstead Act (which defined "intoxicating liquors" excluding those used for religious purposes), established Prohibition in the United States. Ratified on January 16, 1919, it is notable as the only amendment to the United States Constitution that has been repealed
51. muller vs oregon was a landmark decision in United States Supreme Court history, as it relates to both sex discrimination and labor laws.
52. lochner vs. new york was a landmark United States Supreme Court case that held the "right to free contract" was implicit in the due process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment.
53. wctu is the oldest continuing non-sectarian women's organization in the U.S. and worldwide.
54. northern securities was a large United States railroad trust formed in 1902 by E. H. Harriman, James J. Hill, J.P. Morgan, J. D. Rockefeller, and their associates.
55. forest reserve act allowed the president to set aside forest reserves from the land in the public domain. It was passed by Benjamin Harrison.
56. new nationalism was Theodore Roosevelt's Progressive political philosophy during the 1912 election.
57. underwood tariff bill of 1861 was a protective tariff bill passed by the U.S. Congress in early 1861.
58. clayton anti trust act of 1914, was enacted in the United States to add further substance to the U.S.antitrust law regime.
59. federal reserve act is the act of Congress that created the Federal Reserve System, the central banking system of the United States of America, which was signed into law by President Woodrow Wilson.
60. square deal was President Roosevelt's domestic program primarily aimed at helping middle class citizens. The policies of the Square Deal involved attacking the plutocracy and trusts while at the same time protecting business from the extreme demands of unorganized labor.
61. seamens act formally known as "Act to Promote the Welfare of American Seamen in the Merchant Marine of the United States" (Act of March 4, 1915, ch. 153, 38 Stat. 1164) was designed to improve the safety and security of United States seamen.
62. warehouse act authorizes the Secretary of Agriculture to license warehouse operators who store agricultural products.
63. hepburn act gave the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) the power to set maximum railroad rates and led to the discontinuation of free passes to loyal shippers.
64. 17th of the United States Constitution was passed by the Senate on June 12, 1911 and by the House on May 13, 1912. It was ratified on April 8, 1913 and was first put into effect for the election of 1914.
65. initiativw provides a means by which a petition signed by a certain minimum number of registered voters can force a public vote on a proposed statute, constitutional amendment, charter amendment or ordinance, or, in its minimal form, to simply oblige the executive or legislative bodies to consider the subject by submitting it to the order of the day.
66. recall is a request to return to the maker a batch or an entire production run of a product, usually due to the discovery of safety issues.
questions
67.
68. taft and wilson shut down five or six trust that tr passed
69.
70. to fix many problems in the us
71. tr would rush in to things and use more force the other two would try to stay out of it
72. the use of the german uboats on boats with americans and braking promises
73. the gremans attacking us and geting news of the war that was one sided
74. they flushed out what was realy going on in the us
75. a fake tele graph
Nature vs. Nurture By Andrew Gober
Before I did any looking up on this debate I felt I was the person I am now because the way I was raised by my mother. The morels I have where from her and the people around me not from my DNA. My personality is a think I picked up from other people I liked and copied them to get mine. What is Nature vs. Nurture? Some scientists think that people behave as they do according to genetic predispositions or even "animal instincts." This is known as the "nature" theory of human behavior. Other scientists believe that people think and behave in certain ways because they are taught to do so. This is known as the "nurture" theory of human behavior. The nature side, Scientists has known for years that traits such as eye color and hair color are determined by specific genes encoded in each human cell. The Nature Theory takes things a step further to say those more abstract traits such as intelligence; personality, aggression, and sexual orientation are also encoded in an individual's DNA. While not discounting those genetic tendencies may exist, supporters of the nurture theory believe they ultimately don't matter - that our behavioral aspects originate only from the environmental factors of our upbringing. Studies on infant and child temperament have revealed the most crucial evidence for nurture theories. American psychologist John Watson, best known for his controversial experiments with a young orphan named Albert, demonstrated that the acquisition of a phobia could be explained by classical conditioning. A strong proponent of environmental learning, he said: Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I'll guarantee to take any one at random and
andrew gober unit 14 1. alfred thyayer mahan was a United States Navy officer, geostrategist, and educator.
2. commodore george dewey was an admiral of the United States Navy, best known for his victory (without the loss of a single life of his own forces due to combat; one man died of heat stroke) at the Battle of Manila Bay during the Spanish-American War.
3. dr. walter reed was a U.S. Army physician who in 1900 led the team which confirmed the theory (first set forth in 1881 by Cuban doctor/scientist Carlos Finlay) that yellow fever is transmitted by mosquitoes, rather than by direct contact. 
4. theodore roosevelt also known as T.R., and to the public (but never to friends and intimates) as Teddy, was the twenty-sixth President of the United States, and a leader of the Republican Party and of the Progressive Movement.
5. butcher weyler was a Spanish soldier.
6. william jennings bryan was an American politician, orator and lawyer. He was a three-time Democratic Party nominee for President of the United States.
7. william mckinley was the twenty-fifth President of the United States, and the last veteran of the Civil War to be elected.
8. william james was a pioneering American psychologist and philosopher. He wrote influential books on the young science of psychology, educational psychology, psychology of religious experience and mysticism, and the philosophy of pragmatism.
9. james blaine was a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine, two-time United States Secretary of State, and champion of the Half-Breeds.
10. queen liiuokanai was the last monarch of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. She was originally named Lydia Liliu Loloku Walania Wewehi Kamakaʻeha, Lydia Liliuokalani Paki, and also known as Lydia Kamakaʻeha Paki, with the chosen royal name of Liliʻuokalani, and later named Lydia K. Dominis.
11. joseph pulitizer was a Hungarian-American publisher best known for posthumously establishing the Pulitzer Prizes and (along with William Randolph Hearst) for originating yellow journalism.
12. william randolph hearst was an American newspaper magnate.
13. john hay was an American statesman, diplomat, author, journalist, and private secretary and assistant to Abraham Lincoln.
14. emilio aguinaldo was a Filipino general, politician, and independence leader.
15. george washington goethals was a United States Army officer and civil engineer, best known for his supervision of construction and the opening of the Panama Canal.
16. leonard wood was a physician who served as the Chief of Staff of the United States Army, Military Governor of Cuba and Governor General of the Philippines.
17. monroe doctrine is a U.S. doctrine which, on December 2, 1823, proclaimed that European powers would no longer colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent nations of the Americas.
18. roosevelt corollary was a substantial alteration (called an "amendment") of the Monroe Doctrine by U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt in 1904.
19. yellow journalism is a pejorative reference to journalism that features scandal-mongering, sensationalism, or other unethical or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists.
20. teller amendment was an amendment to a joint resolution of the United States Congress, enacted on April 20, 1898, in reply to President William McKinley's War Message.
21. rough riders was the name bestowed by the American press on the 1st United States Volunteer Cavalry Regiment during the Spanish-American War.
22. anti imperialist league was established in the United States on June 15, 1898 to battle the American annexation of the Philippines, officially called insular areas.
23. platt amendment was a rider appended to the Army Appropriations Act, a United States federal law passed on March 2, 1901 that stipulated the conditions for the withdrawal of United States troops remaining in Cuba since the Spanish-American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until 1934.
24. open door notes is a concept in foreign affairs stating that, in principle, all nations should have equal commercial and industrial trade rights in China.
25. gentlemen's agreement is an informal agreement between two or more parties. It may be written or oral. The essence of a gentleman's agreement is that it relies upon the honor of the parties for its fulfilment, rather than being in any way enforceable. It is, therefore, distinct from a legal agreement or contract, which can be enforced if necessary.
26. the great white fleet was a United States Navy force that completed a circumnavigation of the world from December 16, 1907, to February 22, 1909 by order of U.S. President Theodore Roosevelt.
27. boxers was a Chinese uprising from November 1899 to September 7, 1901, against foreign influence in areas such as trade, politics, religion and technology that occurred in China during the final years of the Manchu rule (Qing Dynasty).
28. spanish american war was a military conflict between Spain and the United States that began in April 1898.
29. maine is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. The territory that is now Maine was at one time a part of Massachusetts. Maine is the northernmost portion of New England. It is known for its scenery — its jagged, mostly rocky coastline, its low, rolling mountains, and its heavily forested interior — as well as for its seafood cuisine, especially lobsters and clams.
30. foraker act is a United States federal law that established civilian (limited popular) government on the island of Puerto Rico, which had been newly acquired by the United States as a result of the Spanish-American War.
31. hay pouncefote treaty This agreement nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and gave the United States the right to create and control a canal across Central America, connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean.
32. treaty of portsmouth formally ended the 1904-1905 Russo-Japanese War. It was signed on September 5, 1905 after negotiations at the Portsmouth Naval Shipyard near Portsmouth, New Hampshire in the United States.
33. root takhira agreement was an agreement between the United States of America and the Empire of Japan negotiated between U.S. Secretary of State Elihu Root and Japanese ambassador Takahira Kogoro.
34. The Kra Isthmus is the narrow landbridge which connects the Malay Peninsula with the mainland of Asia. The east part of the landbridge belongs to Thailand, the west part belongs to the Tanintharyi division of Myanmar. To the west of the Isthmus is the Andaman Sea, to the east is the Gulf of Thailand.
35. after we helped people who did not whant are help we got the name change
36. the queen of hawaii was a big one and thet most of the people thair whaernt hawaiien or american
37. anglo saxon supreiorority plays a big part an time america grows
38. tr up set russia because russia felt that they could bet up japan and japan wonted more for russia
39. tr was critized for the panama canal for his help in the up rise of panama
Andrew Gober unit 11 study guide
1. thaddeus stevens was one of the most powerful members of the United States House of Representatives, representing the state of Pennsylvania.
2. horace greeley was an American editor of a leading newspaper, a founder of the Republican party, reformer and politician.
3. elizabeth stanton was an American social activist and leading figure of the early woman's movement.
4. boss tweed was a disgraced American politician, who was convicted and imprisoned for stealing millions of dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption.
5. chester arthur was an American politician who served as the twenty-first President of the United States.
6. thomas nast was a famous German-American caricaturist and editorial cartoonist in the 19th century and is considered to be the father of American political cartooning.
7. grover cleveland the twenty-second and twenty-fourth President of the United States, was the only President to serve non-consecutive terms (1885–1889 and 1893–1897).
8. samuel tilden was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century.
9. benjamin harrison was the twenty-third President of the United States, serving one term from 1889 to 1893.
10. charles guiteau was an American lawyer who assassinated President James A. Garfield on July 2, 1881. He was executed by hanging.
11. william seward was born in Auburn, New York, the son of United States Secretary of State William Henry Seward, Sr. and Frances Adeline Seward; and younger brother of United States Assistant Secretary of State Frederick William Seward.
12. u.s. grant was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869–1877).
13. edwin staton was an American lawyer, politician, United States Attorney General in 1860-61 and Secretary of War through most of the American Civil War and Reconstruction era.
14. jim fisk was a politician from Vermont who was elected to the United States Senate and the House of Representatives.
15. james blaine was a U.S. Representative, Speaker of the United States House of Representatives, U.S. Senator from Maine and a two-time United States Secretary of State.
16. jay gould was an American financier, who became a leading American railroad developer and speculator.
17. rutherford hayes was an American politician, lawyer, military leader and the nineteenth President of the United States (1877–1881). Hayes was elected President by one electoral vote after the highly disputed election of 1876.
18. james garfield was a major general in the United States Army, member of the U.S. House of Representatives, and the twentieth President of the United States.
19. roscoe cankling was a politician from New York who served both as a member of the United States House of Representatives and the U.S. Senate. He was the leader of the Stalwart faction of the Republican Party.
20. oliver howard was a career United States Army officer and a Union general in the American Civil War.
21. Andrew johnson was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865–1869), succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln.
22. charles sumner was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts.
23. Freedman's bureau On March 3, 1865, Congress established the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen, and Abandoned Lands. Also known as the Freedmen's Bureau, it was a federal agency that was formed during Reconstruction to aid distressed refugees of the American Civil War
24. Wade Davis Bill The Wade-Davis Bill of 1864 was a program proposed for the Reconstruction of the South written by two Radical Republicans, Senator Benjamin Wade of Ohio and Representative Henry Winter Davis of Maryland.
25. 13th amendment The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery, and with limited exceptions, such as those convicted of a crime, prohibits involuntary servitude.
26. Civil rights bill The Civil Rights Act of 1964 (Pub.L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241, July 2, 1964) was landmark legislation in the United States that outlawed segregation in the US schools and public places.
27. military reconstruction act Reconstruction was the attempt from 1863 to 1877 to resolve the issues of the American Civil War, after the Confederacy was defeated and slavery ended.
28. women's loyal league organization formed on May 14, 1863, by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton
29. kkk is the name of several past and present organizations in the United States that have advocated white supremacy, anti-Semitism, anti-Catholicism, racism, homophobia, anti-Communism and nativism.
30. tenure of office act The Tenure of Office Act (14 Stat. 430, March 2, 1867), enacted over the veto of President Andrew Johnson, denied the President of the United States the power to remove from office anyone who had been appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate unless the Senate also approved the removal.
31. tweed ring was a disgraced American politician who was convicted for stealing millions of dollars from New York City taxpayers through political corruption and died in jail.
32. whiskey ring In the United States, the Whiskey Ring was a scandal, exposed in 1875, involving diversion of tax revenues in a conspiracy among government agents, politicians, whiskey distillers, and distributors.
33. Grand army of the republic The Grand Army of the Republic (GAR) was a fraternal organization composed of veterans of the Union Army who had served in the American Civil War.
34. half breeds Half-breed is a term used to describe anyone who is half of one race and half of another.
35. civil rights cases The Civil Rights Cases, 109 U.S. 3 (1883)[1], were a group of five similar cases consolidated into one issue for the United States Supreme Court to review.
36. kearneyites kearneyites: A place for people in Kearney to chat.
37. pendleton act The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (ch. 27, 22 Stat. 403) is an 1883 United States federal law that established the United States Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system."
40. black codes The Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local level mainly in the rural Southern states in the United States to restrict the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans.
41. 14th amendment Fourteenth Amendment of the Constitution of Ireland specified that the prohibition of abortion would not limit the right to distribute information about abortion services in foreign countries.
42. 15th Amendment XV (the Fifteenth Amendment) of the United States Constitution provides that governments in the United States may not prevent a citizen from voting based on that citizen's race, color, or previous condition of servitude (i.e. slavery).
43. scalawags In the United States, a scalawag was a Southern white who joined the Republican party in the ex-Confederate South during Reconstruction. The term originally was pejorative and meant rascal, but is used descriptively in the 21st century by most scholars and reference books.
44. carpetbaggers In United States history, carpetbaggers were Northerners who moved to the South during Reconstruction between 1865 and 1877.
45. force acts Force Acts can refer to several groups of acts passed by the United States Congress. The term usually refers to the events after the American Civil War.
46. credit modilier scandal The Crédit Mobilier of America scandal of 1872 involved the Union Pacific Railroad and the Crédit Mobilier of America construction company.
47. resumption act The Specie Payment Resumption Act (January 14, 1875, ch. 15, 18 Stat. 296) provided for the redemption of United States paper currency, known colloquially as greenbacks, in gold beginning in 1879.
48. contraction Almost all literary Braille codes use contractions to decrease space and increase reading speed. The contractions presented here are used in the US literary Braille code.
49. conklingites Everybody must have been astonished to see how Senator Conkling, in the speech made by him on his return to American soil, softsawdered the Germans
54. blue bellies The Bluebellies bring energy and wit with their songs exploring farming, food, religion and llamas.
55. gilded age In American history, the "Gilded Age" refers to major growth in population in the U.S. and extravagant displays of wealth and excess of America's upper-class during the post-Civil War and post-Reconstruction era, from the 1870s to 1900.
56. mugwumps The Mugwumps were Republican political activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the United States presidential election of 1884.
57 lassiez faire Laissez-faire (pronunciation: French, [lesefɛʀ] (help·info); English, IPA: /ˌleɪseɪˈfɛər/) is a French phrase literally meaning "let happen", or "let do".
58. forgettable presidents The birth and evolution of the presidency; Ineffective presidents; Forgettable presidents; Working up to the Civil War; Reconstruction presidents
59. tenure of office act The Tenure of Office Act (14 Stat. 430, March 2, 1867), enacted over the veto of President Andrew Johnson, denied the President of the United States the power to remove from office anyone who had been appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate unless the Senate also approved the removal.
60. he was not the best man for thw job he was strong but not to smart
62 not a hole lot just personal isues.
63. pendleton act The Pendleton Civil Service Reform Act (ch. 27, 22 Stat. 403) is an 1883 United States federal law that established the United States Civil Service Commission, which placed most federal employees on the merit system and marked the end of the so-called "spoils system."
64. black codes The Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local level mainly in the rural Southern states in the United States to restrict the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans.
65. i dont know what two partes your talking about but i think they speed things up
66. Forty-three Americans have held the job of President of the United States. Each has a story, be it one of vision, accomplishment, conflict, scandal, triumph, or tragedy. And each story is at the center of the national story, a part of what we all experience. History buffs find endless fascination – and a greater understanding of America today – in the colorful personalities and momentous events that surround the Oval Office.
ap us history unit 12 study guide Andrew gober
1. carnelius vanderbilt also known by the sobriquets The Commodore or Commodore Vanderbilt, was an American entrepreneur who built his wealth in shipping and railroads and was the patriarch of the Vanderbilt family.
3. Susan B. Anthony was a prominent, independent and well-educated American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to secure women's suffrage in the United States.
4. Samuel Gompers was an American labor union leader and a key figure in American labor history.
5. joseph pulitizer was a Hungarian-American publisher best known for posthumously establishing the Pulitzer Prizes and (along with William Randolph Hearst) for originating yellow journalism.
6. Jane Addams was a founder of the U.S. Settlement House movement, and the first American woman to be awarded the Nobel Peace Prize.
7. Booker T. Washington was an American educator, author and leader of the African American community.
8. stephen Crane was an American novelist, poet and journalist.
9. anthony comstock was a former United States Postal Inspector and politician dedicated to ideas of Victorian morality.
10. Walt Whitman was an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist.
11. Bret Harte was an American author and poet, best remembered for his accounts of pioneering life in California.
12. Alexander Graham Bell was an eminent scientist, inventor and innovator.
13. thomas edison was an American inventor of Dutch origin and businessman who developed many devices that greatly influenced life around the world, including the phonograph and a long lasting light bulb.
14. andrew carnegie was a Scottish-born American industrialist, businessman, a major philanthropist, and the founder of Pittsburgh's Carnegie Steel Company which later became U.S. Steel.
15. jp morgan was an American financier, banker, philanthropist, and art collector who dominated corporate finance and industrial consolidation during his time.
16. william coby pplied Psychophysiology in the New Millennium William Coby
17. carrie nation was a member of the temperance movement—the battles against alcohol in pre-Prohibition America—particularly noted for promoting her viewpoint through vandalism.
18. web dubois was an African American civil rights activist, leader, Pan-Africanist, sociologist, educator, historian, writer, editor, poet, and scholar. He became a naturalized citizen of Ghana in 1963 at the age of 95
19 elizabeth stanton was an American social activist and leading figure of the early woman's movement.
20. william kelly was an American inventor.
21. horatio alger was a 19th-century American author who wrote approximately 135 dime novels.
22. john rockefeller was an American industrialist and philanthropist.
23. charles darwin was an English naturalist.
24. louis sullivan was an American architect, called the "father of modernism.
25. phineas barnum was an American showman who is best remembered for his entertaining hoaxes and for founding the circus that eventually became the Ringling Bros.
26. charlotte gilman was a prominent American poet, non-fiction writer, short story writer, novelist, lecturer, and social reformer.
27. randolph hearst was an American newspaper magnate.
28. emily dickinson was an American poet. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts to a successful family with strong community ties, she lived a mostly introverted and reclusive life.
29. lewis wallace was a lawyer, governor, Union general in the American Civil War, American statesman, and author, best remembered for his historical novel Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ.
30. jack london was an American author who wrote The Call of the Wild and other books.
31. james buchanan duke was a U.S. tobacco and electric power industrialist best known for his involvement with Duke University.
32. george washington carver was an American botanical researcher and agronomy educator who worked in agricultural extension at the Tuskegee Institute in Tuskegee, Alabama, teaching former slaves farming techniques for self-sufficiency.
33. kate chopin was an American author of short stories and novels, mostly of a Louisiana Creole background.
34. theodore dreiser was an American author of the naturalist school, known for dealing with the gritty reality of life.
35. mark twain better known by the pen name Mark Twain, was an American humanist
36. morrill act Morrill Land-Grant Acts are United States statutes that allowed for the creation of land-grant colleges.
37. wctu The Woman's Christian Temperance Union
38. slums The United Nations agency UN-HABITAT defines a slum as a heavily populated urban area characterised by substandard housing and squalor...and lacking in tenure security.
39. salvation army The Salvation Army is a Christian charity and church that is internally organized like a military service.
40. central pacific rail road The Central Pacific Railroad was the California-to-Utah portion of the First Transcontinental Railroad in North America.
41. sherman anti trust act The Sherman Antitrust Act, was the first United States government action to limit cartels and monopolies. It is the oldest of all federal U.S. antitrust laws.
42. gospel of wealth "The Gospel of Wealth" was an essay written by Andrew Carnegie in 1889 that described the responsibility of philanthropy by the new upper class of self-made rich.
43. knights of labor The Knights of Labor, also known as Noble and Holy Order of the Knights of Labor, was one of the most important American labor organizations of the 19th century
44. interstate commerce act The Interstate Commerce Commission (or ICC) was a regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland.
45. horizontal integration In microeconomics and strategic management, the term horizontal integration describes a type of ownership and control.
46. national labor union The National Labor Union was the first national labor federation in the United States.
47. philanthropic purposes is the global leader in providing training to charities for the ethical and efficient use of the Internet for philanthropic purposes
48. hatch act The Hatch Act of 1939 is a United States federal law whose main provision is to prohibit federal employees (civil servants) from engaging in partisan political activity. Named after Senator Carl Hatch of New Mexico, the law was officially known as An Act to Prevent Pernicious Political Activities.
49. trust A trust or business trust is business entity formed with intent to monopolize business, to restrain trade, or to fix prices.
50 apa American Psychological Association (APA) style is a widely accepted style of documentation. APA style specifies the names and order of headings, formatting, and organization of citations and references, and the arrangement of tables, figures, footnotes, and appendices, as well as other manuscript and documentation features.
51. union pacifiv railroad The Union Pacific Railroad (AAR reporting marks UP UPY) (NYSE: UNP), headquartered in Omaha, Nebraska, is the largest railroad network in the United States. James R. Young is president, CEO and Chairman.
52. stock watering Watered stock is an asset with an artificially-inflated value. The term is most commonly used to refer to a form of securities fraud common under older corporate laws that placed a heavy emphasis upon the par value of stock.
53. bessemer process The Bessemer process was the first inexpensive industrial process for the mass-production of steel from molten pig iron.
54. yellow jurnalism is a pejorative reference to journalism that features scandal-mongering, sensationalism, or other unethical or unprofessional practices by news media organizations or journalists. It has been loosely defined as "not quite libel".
55. flophouses A flophouse (English: doss-house or dosshouse) is a place that offers very cheap lodging, generally by providing only minimal services.
56. chinese exclusion act Chinese Exclusion Act was a United States federal law passed on May 6, 1882, following 1880 revisions to the Burlingame Treaty of 1868.
57. paddies A paddy field is a flooded parcel of arable land used for growing rice and other semiaquatic crops.
58. trancontinental railroad The First Transcontinental Railroad in the United States was built across North America in the 1860s, linking the railway network of the Eastern United States with California on the Pacific coast.
59. company town A company town is a town or city in which most or all real estate, buildings (both residential and commercial), utilities, hospitals, small businesses such as grocery stores and gas stations, and other necessities or luxuries of life within its borders are owned by a single company.
60. afl is a three-letter acronym that may refer to the following:
Sports leagues
* Australian Football League, an Australian rules football competition in Australia. * Austrian Football League, an American football league in Austria * Arena Football League, an American indoor football league * American Football League (1926), a short lived professional Americal football league that lasted only one season * American Football League, a professional American football league that operated from 1960 to 1969 prior to merging with the National Football League. * Alberta Football League, an amateur men's football league * Alliance Football League, a semi-professional American football league * Alberton Football League, competition in Australian rules football * Anti-Football League, an organisation that bemoans the cultural saturation of the Australian Football League. * Arizona Fall League, American Baseball League
Labor unions
* American Federation of Labor * Alberta Federation of Labour
Other
* Abstract family of languages * Academic Free License * Adaptive forward lighting * Aflac, an insurance company, from its NYSE ticker symbol * After Fader Listening, a function on an audio mixing console. * Alta Floresta, a city in Brazil, from its IATA airport code * American Fencing League * Ankara Fen Lisesi, Turkey. * the Armed Forces of Liberia * Assessment for Learning * Autofocus Lock, a function that locks the metered focus of a camera.
61. interstate commerce commission The Interstate Commerce Commission (or ICC) was a regulatory body in the United States created by the Interstate Commerce Act of 1887, which was signed into law by President Grover Cleveland. The agency was abolished in 1995, and the agency's remaining functions were transferred to the Surface Transportation Board.
62. vertical intergration In microeconomics and management, the term vertical integration describes a style of ownership and control. The degree to which a firm owns its upstream suppliers and its downstream buyers determines how vertically integrated it is.
63. standerd oil company Standard Oil was a predominant integrated oil producing, transporting, refining, and marketing company. Established in 1870, it operated as a major company trust and was one of the world's first and largest multinational corporations until it was dissolved by the United States Supreme Court in 1911.
64. monopoly In political discourse, the term monopoly is frequently invoked as a blanket generalization in criticism of firms with large market share or lack of what's perceived as "fair" competition.
65. wadash case Wabash Case, popular name for Wabash, St. Louis & Pacific Railroad Company v. Illinois, decided by the U.S. Supreme Court in 1886.
66. black gold oil
67. america fever and letters t has been a joy to read, as well as to translate the letters of this fascinating man. Bjarne Breilid, Translator AMERICAN FEVER is a welcome addition to
68. new immigration Immigration to the United States of America is the movement of non-residents to the United States. Even though the foreign born have never comprised more than 16% of the U.S. population since 1675, immigration has been a major source of population growth and cultural change throughout much of American history.
69. naacp The National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (usually abbreviated as NAACP) is one of the oldest and most influential civil rights organizations in the United States.
70. haymarket square riot The Haymarket Riot on May 4, 1886 in Chicago began as a rally which became violent and was followed by internationally publicized legal proceedings.
71.The Iron Colt Becomes an Iron Horse Due to the expansion of the country, many new railroads were built. Congress began to advance liberal money loans to 2 favored cross-continent companies in 1862 in response to the fact that transcontinental railroad construction was so costly and risky.
Growing railroads took up more land than they were allotted because their land grants were given over a broad path through the proposed route. The railroad owners would then choose the route to build on. President Grover Cleveland ended the land dispute in 1887 when he opened up all the unclaimed public portions of the grants to the public.
72. businessmen and bankers who dominated their respective industries and amassed huge personal fortunes, typically as a direct result of pursuing various anti-competitive or unfair business practices. The term may now be used in relation to any businessman or banker who is perceived to have used questionable business practices in order to become powerful or wealthy.
73. to get better paying jobs
74. a lot more and from new places
75. the bigist was that they were not welcome here
76. nad it grow fast in both population and econicaly
77.it became more comin place and kid where forced to go to school
79. what to do with the poor people
80.sports and zoos
Andrew gober Unite 10 sg
1. Abraham Lincoln (February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was the sixteenth President of the United States, serving from March 4, 1861 until his assassination. 2. Robert Edward Lee (January 19, 1807 – October 12, 1870) was a career United States Army officer, an engineer, and the most celebrated general of the Confederate forces during the American Civil War. 3. Napoléon III, born Charles Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, also known as Louis-Napoléon Bonaparte, (20 April 1808 – 9 January 1873) was the first President of the French Republic from 10 December 1848 to 2 December 1851, then again from 2 December 1851 to 2 December 1852. 4. Maximilien François Marie Isidore de Robespierre 6 May 1758 – 28 July 1794) is one of the best-known leaders of the French Revolution. 5. Jefferson Finis Davis (June 3, 1808 – December 6, 1889) was an American politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War. 6. Thomas Jonathan "Stonewall" Jackson (January 21, 1824 – May 10, 1863) was a Confederate general during the American Civil War, and probably the most revered Confederate commander after General Robert E. Lee. 7. George Brinton McClellan (December 3, 1826 – October 29, 1885) was a major general during the American Civil War. 8. John Wilkes Booth (May 10, 1838 – April 26, 1865) assassinated Abraham Lincoln, the 16th President of the United States, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. Lincoln died the next day from a single gunshot wound to the head, becoming the first American president to be assassinated. 9. John Pope (March 18, 1822 – September 23, 1892) was a career U.S. Army officer and Union general in the American Civil War. 10. Joseph Hooker (November 13, 1814 – October 31, 1879), known as "Fighting Joe", was a career U.S. Army officer and a major general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. 11. Ambrose Everett Burnside (May 23, 1824 – September 13, 1881) was an American railroad executive, inventor, industrialist, and politician from Rhode Island, serving as governor and a U.S. Senator. 12. George Gordon Meade (December 31, 1815 – November 6, 1872) was a career U.S. Army officer and civil engineer involved in coastal construction, including several lighthouses. 13. Ulysses S. Grant, born Hiram Ulysses Grant (April 27, 1822 – July 23, 1885), was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869–1877). 14. Clement Laird Vallandigham (pronounced velan´digham, -gam) (July 29, 1820 – June 17, 1871) was an Ohio unionist of the Copperhead faction of anti-war, pro-Confederate Democrats during the American Civil War. 15. Andrew Johnson (December 29, 1808 – July 31, 1875) was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865–1869), succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. 16. William Henry Seward, Sr. (May 16, 1801 – October 10, 1872) was a Governor of New York, United States Senator and the United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson. 17 Fort Sumter, a Third System masonry coastal fortification located in Charleston harbor, South Carolina, was named after General Thomas Sumter. However, the fort is best known as the site where the shots initiating the American Civil War were fired, at the Battle of Fort Sumter. 18 The term border states refers to the five slave states of Delaware, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, and West Virginia which bordered a free state and aligned with the Union during the American Civil War. 19 The Confederate States of America (also called the Confederacy, the Confederate States, and CSA) was the government formed by eleven southern states of the United States of America between 1861 and 1865. 20 Lincoln did not want to risk antagonizing the Border States or the Butternut Region; many northern whites did not think it appropriate for blacks to fight 21. A blockade is any effort to prevent supplies, troops, information or aid from reaching an opposing force. 22. The Trent Affair, also known as the Mason and Slidell Affair, was an international diplomatic incident that occurred during the American Civil War. 23. The Laird Rams. Before Bulloch returned to the Confederacy aboard the Fingal, Stephen Mallory had asked him to investigate and prepare for the construction 24. In common law countries, habeas corpus (/ˈheɪbiəs ˈkɔɹpəs/) (Latin: [We command] that you have the body) [1] is the name of a legal action, or writ, through which a person can seek relief from unlawful detention of themselves or another person. 25. Conscription is a general term for involuntary labor demanded by some established authority, but it is most often used in the specific sense of government policies that require citizens (often just males) to serve in their armed forces. 27. "Shoddy" millionaires was a derogatory term for the war profiteers in the North during the American Civil War . Allegedly, they supplied the Union army with faulty uniforms made from reprocessed "shoddy" wool rather than virgin wool. 28. petroleum gushers are very difficult to extinguish as they cannot be approached. 29. The First Battle of Bull Run, also known as the First Battle of Manassas (the name used by Confederate forces and still widely used in the South), was the first major land battle of the American Civil War, fought on July 21, 1861, near Manassas, Virginia. 30 The Peninsula Campaign (also known as the Peninsular Campaign) of the American Civil War was a major Union operation launched in southeastern Virginia from March through July 1862, the first large-scale offensive in the Eastern Theater. 31. Total war is a military conflict in which nations mobilize all available resources in order to destroy another nation's ability to engage in war. 32. A blockade runner is a ship designed to provide vital supplies to countries or areas blockaded by enemy forces during wartime. Notable users of blockade runners include the Confederate States of America and Nazi Germany. 34. The Battle of Antietam (also known as the Battle of Sharpsburg, particularly in the South), fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. 35. The Emancipation Proclamation consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War 36. Fredericksburg is the name of some places in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania: 37. Chancellorsville is a historic site and unincorporated community in Virginia, about ten miles west of Fredericksburg. 39. The Battle of Gettysburg (July 1 – July 3, 1863), fought in, and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign, was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil War[3] and is frequently cited as the war's turning point. 40. Chattanooga is the fourth-largest city in Tennessee (after Memphis, Nashville, and Knoxville), and the seat of Hamilton County, in the United States of America. 41. Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign, conducted in late 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army during the American Civil War. 42. War Democrats were those who broke with the majority of the Democratic Party and supported the military policies of President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War of 1861–1865. 43. The Copperheads were a vocal group of Democrats in the North (see also Union (American Civil War)) who opposed the American Civil War, wanting an immediate peace settlement with the Confederates. 45. The Union Party was a short-lived political party in the United States, formed in 1936 by a coalition of radio priest Father Charles Coughlin, old-age pension advocate Francis Townsend, and Gerald L. K. Smith, who had taken control of Huey Long's Share Our Wealth movement after Long's assassination in 1935. 46. Appomattox Court House is a historic village located three miles (5 km) east of Appomattox, Virginia, USA (25 miles east of Lynchburg, Virginia, in the southern part of the state), famous as the site of the Battle of Appomattox Courthouse and containing the house of Wilmer McLean, where the surrender of the Confederate Army under Robert E. Lee to Union commander Ulysses S. Grant took place on April 9, 1865, effectively ending the American Civil War. 47. English reformed yet again
Sociology Project Andrew Gober
I think that most people living and working in the 48809 area code have at lest a high school diploma Or better. Marital status I think most people a married and have or plan to have children. From the people I asked the most come house hold income was around $75000. I would say that unemployment would be .3 %. The 48809 area code is not ethnically divers it is 98% white and 2% other. When I compare my data to the 2000 census I found that I was not to far off, most people do have a high school diploma or better, the marital status showed the most of the area was married couples and the next biggest group was single parents, most of the occupations where in factory work with makes since seeing as that we have at lest 6 in are town alone. Unemployment was right around .3%, the ethnic diversity was right on the mark too at 98% whit 2% other. So from this information you can make a pretty good guess as to what an average family would look like. It would be a family of 4 a mother father and 2 kids. The dad may work at a factory or out of town the mother could work or stay at home with the kids but most likely she would have to work. Her job could be at a bank or maybe at a store of some sort. The family next to them could be a family of 4 one mom and 3 kids. That would be a pretty average family possibility
Andrew Gober unit 6 1. Black Hawk was a famous leader of the Ute Tribe born in Spring Lake, Utah around 1830. He died on September 26, 1870 from tuberculosis.
2. Andrew Jackson was the 7th President of the United States. He was also military governor of Florida, commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans, a founder of the modern Democratic Party, and the eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy.
3.Antonio de Padua María Severino López de Santa Anna y Pérez de Lebrón , also known simply as Santa Anna, was a Mexican political leader who greatly influenced early Mexican and Spanish politics and government, first fighting against independence from Spain, and then becoming its chief general and president at various times over a turbulent 40-year career. He was President of Mexico eleven non-consecutive times over a period of 22 years.
4.William Harrison merchant navy officer.
5. Daniel Webster was a leading American statesman during the nation's antebellum era.
6. Sam Houston was a 19th century American statesman, politician, and soldier.
7. Stephen Austin known as the "Father of Texas," led the second and ultimately successful colonization of the region by the United States.
8. James Bowie was a nineteenth century American pioneer and soldier who played a prominent role in the Texas Revolution and was killed at the Battle of the Alamo.
9. Nicholas Biddle Nicholas Biddle was the president of the Bank of the United States (BUS). American financier, was born and died in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
10. John Quincy Adams was a diplomat, politician, and the sixth President of the United States.
11. Robert Hayne was an American political leader. Born in St. Pauls Parish, Colleton District, South Carolina, he studied law in the office of Langdon Cheves in Charleston, South Carolina, and in November 1812 was admitted to the bar there, soon obtaining a large practice.
12. Henry Clay was a nineteenth-century American statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the House of Representatives and Senate.
13. William Crawford was an American soldier and surveyor who worked as a western land agent for George Washington.
14. Martin Van Buren nicknamed Old Kinderhook, was the eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841. Before his presidency he served as the eighth Vice President and the 10th Secretary of State under Andrew Jackson.
15. Peggy O'Neale was the daughter of a Washington, D.C. boarding-house owner who had lost her first husband, sailor John B. Timberlake, to suicide.
16. Davey Crockett was a celebrated 19th-century American folk hero, frontiersman, soldier and politician; usually referred to as Davy Crockett and by the popular title "King of the Wild Frontier". He represented Tennessee in the U.S. House of Representatives, served in the Texas Revolution, and died at the age of 49 at the Battle of the Alamo.
17. John Calhoun was a leading United States Southern politician and political philosopher from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century, at the center of the foreign policy and financial disputes of his age and best known as a spokesman for slavery, nullification, and the rights of electoral minorities, such as the Southern states.
18. New democracy Forum is to foster politically engaged, intellectually honest, and morally serious debate about fundamentals.
19. South carolina expostioinalso known as Calhoun's Exposition, was written in 1828 by John C. Calhoun, in disguise under the pseudonym Mr. X. Three years later, Calhoun went public with these ideas during the Nullification Crisis.
20.“Nullies” in South Carolina
- Nullifiers called “nullies”
- South Carolina still boycotting tariff of 1828
- Nullies tried to raise 2/3 majority necessary for nullification in South Carolina legislature, but were unable to
- Congress passed Tariff of 1832; fell short of Southern demands
- Nullies raised 2/3 needed; Carolina called special convention; Tariff of 1832 null and void within S.C.
- Jackson reacted violently; dispatched naval and military reinforcements to S.C.
- Jackson and Hayne (gov. of S.C.) both made proclamations that the opposite side should surrender or there would be civil war
- Henry Clay stepped forward and made a compromise bill, which lowered rates over a period of 8 years
- Called Compromise Tariff of 1833
- Congress passed “Bloody Bill” which allowed president to use armed forces to collect tariff dues
21. Specie Circular was an executive order issued by U.S. President Andrew Jackson in 1836 and carried out by President Martin Van Buren. It required payment for government lands be in gold and silver specie.
22. Bureau of indian affairs is an agency of the federal government of the United States within the Department of the Interior charged with the administration and management of 55.7 million acres (87,000 sq. miles or 225,000 km²) of land held in trust by the United States for American Indians, Indian tribes and Alaska Natives.
23. Electoral college is a set of electors, who are empowered as a deliberative body to elect a candidate to a particular office.
24. Spoils System refers to an informal practice by which a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity.
25. Tatiff System have played different roles in trade policy and the economic history of the United States.
27. Seminole Confict of 1835 The Seminole were one of the "Five Civilized Tribes" that included the Cherokee, Creek, Choctaw and Chickasaw. The Seminoles were a people made up of refugees from several southeastern tribes and runaway black slaves.
28. Whig party was a political party of the United States during the era of Jacksonian democracy. Considered integral to the Second Party System and operating from 1833-34 to 1856,[1] the party was formed to go against the policies of President Andrew Jackson and the Democratic Party.
29. Tariff of Abominations was a protective tariff passed by the U.S. Congress in 1828. It came to be known as the "Tariff of Abominations" to its Southern detractors because of the effects it had on the Antebellum Southern economy. Furthermore, it was the highest tariff in U.S. peacetime history, enacting a 62% tax on 92% of all imported goods.
30. The Kithchen Cabinet is a term used by political opponents of U.S. President Andrew Jackson to describe the collection of unofficial advisors he consulted in parallel to the United States Cabinet following his purge of the cabinet at the end of the Eaton Affair and his break with Vice President John Calhoun in 1831.
31. Force Bill authorized U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce tariffs. It was intended to suppress South Carolina's nullification of tariffs.
32. Trail of tears refers to the forced relocation in 1838 of the Cherokee Native American tribe to the Western United States, which resulted in the deaths of an estimated 4,000 Cherokees.
33. Alamo was a 19th-century battle between the Republic of Mexico and the rebel Texian forces, including both Anglos and Tejanos, during the Texians' fight for independence — the Texas Revolution.
34. Panic of 1819 was the first major financial crisis in the United States. It featured widespread foreclosures, bank failures, unemployment, and a slump in agriculture and manufacturing. It marked the end of the economic expansion that had followed the War of 1812.
35. corrupt Bargain Three deals cut in connection with the presidency of the United States, two in contested United States presidential elections and one involving a presidential appointment of a vice president, have been described as Corrupt Bargains.
36. Revolution of 1828 The Election of 1828 was a transforming event from several perspectives. Andrew Jackson's victory broke the line of presidents from Virginia and Massachusetts, and to many citizens represented the triumph of the common man.
38. Compromise Taruff of 1833 was proposed by Henry Clay and John C. Calhoun as a resolution to the Nullification Crisis. It was adopted to gradually reduce the rates after southerners objected to the protectionism found in the Tariff of 1832 and the 1828 Tariff of Abominations, which had prompted South Carolina to threaten secession from the Union.
39. Anti Masonic Party was a 19th century minor political party in the United States. It strongly opposed Freemasonry, and was founded as a single-issue party, aspiring to become a major party.
40. Pet Banks is a pejorative term for state banks selected by the U.S. Department of Treasury to receive government deposits in 1833, when President Andrew Jackson "killed" the Second Bank of the United States. The term implied that the state banks were controlled by Jackson. By 1836 there were 89 "pet banks" or state banks with US Treasury funds
41. 1830 Indian Removal act part of a U.S. government policy known as Indian Removal, was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson on May 28, 1830.
42. Lone Star State is a state located in the southern and South Central regions of the United States of America.
43. Bastsrd Politician The literal meaning of the word bastard is the circumstance of being born of parents who are not married to one another
44. Osceola was a war chief of the Seminole Indians in Florida. Osceola led a small band of warriors (never more than 100) in the Seminole resistance during the Second Seminole War when the United States tried to remove the Seminoles from their lands.
45. Denmark Vesey was an African American slave, and later a freeman, who planned what would have been one of the largest slave rebellions in the United States had word of the plans not been leaked.
46. when every bank stopped payment in specie (gold and silver coinage). The Panic was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and record high unemployment levels.
47. there mato was friend ship be for state ship
48. who got what land was the biggist one
49. New Democracy works for democratic revolution
50. most of the people in the south where farmers so to make money they had to trade good but that was not happening with the tariffs
51. A debate had been going on for several days, concerning the public lands, or lands owned by the Federal government. The debate specifically concerned the resolution of Samuel Foote (of Connecticut), calling for:
"an inquiry into the expediency of abolishing the office of surveyor general of public lands, and for suspending further surveys until those already in market shall have been disposed of."
During the debate, Thomas Hart Benton, of Missouri, treated the resolution as a scheme by the northeast to restrain westward emigration, so as to retain a poor population who would work for low factory wages. A portion of this public lands debate, consisting of two speeches each by Robert Hayne and Daniel Webster, became known as the Hayne-Webster Debate. The coalition that supported Andrew Jackson for president had a large faction of advocates of state sovereignty; i.e. the interpretation of the Constitution as a pact between soverign states; such states having the sovereign right each to interpret the Constitution, or even to withdraw from the Union. This implied, for example, that the Supreme Court was not the arbiter of the meaning of the Constitution. It is clear whose view eventually prevailed. Daniel Webster might have approved of the "Pledge of Allegiance", which says we are "one nation under God, indivisible". Hayne would have been appalled by it
52. As president, Jackson worked to take away the federal charter of the Second Bank of the United States (it would continue to exist as a state bank). The Second Bank had been authorized, during James Madison's tenure in 1816, for a 20 year period. Jackson opposed the national bank concept on ideological grounds. In Jackson's veto message (written by George Bancroft), the bank needed to be abolished because: Democratic cartoon shows Jackson fighting the monster Bank. "The Bank," Jackson told Martin Van Buren, "is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!" Democratic cartoon shows Jackson fighting the monster Bank. "The Bank," Jackson told Martin Van Buren, "is trying to kill me, but I will kill it!"
* It concentrated an excessive amount of the nation's financial strength into a single institution * It exposed the government to control by "foreign interests" * It served mainly to make the rich richer * It exercised too much control over members of the Congress * It favored Northeastern states over Southern and Western states
53. In 1772, Massachusetts Governor Thomas Hutchinson announced that he and his judges would no longer need their salaries paid by the Massachusetts legislature, because the Crown would henceforth assume payment drawn from customs revenues. Boston radicals protested and asked Adams to explain their objections. In "Two Replies of the Massachusetts House of Representatives to Governor Hutchinson" Adams argued that the colonists had never been under the sovereignty of Parliament. Their original charter was with the person of the king and their allegiance was only to him. If a workable line could not be drawn between parliamentary sovereignty and the total independence of the colonies, he continued, the colonies would have no other choice but to choose independence.
54. her pig got lose and some one from the south shot it.
unit 7 study guide
1. Joseph smith was an American religious leader who founded the Latter Day Saint movement, also known as Mormonism.
2. George Catlin was an American painter, author and traveler who specialized in portraits of Native Americans in the Old West.
3. Neal Dow was a prohibitionist mayor of Portland, Maine, known as the "Father of Prohibition".
4. Horace Mann was an American education reformer and abolitionist.
5. Samuel Morse was an American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and co-inventor, with Alfred Vail, of the Morse Code.
6. Harriet Beecher Stowe was an American abolitionist and novelist, whose Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) attacked the cruelty of slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential, even in Britain.
7. Lucretia Mott was an American Quaker minister, abolitionist, social reformer and proponent of women's rights.
8. Gilbert Stuart was an American painter.
9. Dorothea Dix was an American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums.
10 Eli Whitney was an American inventor.
11. John Jacob Aster was the first prominent member of the Astor family and the first millionaire in the United States.
12. Noah Webster was an American lexicographer, textbook author, spelling reformer, political writer, word enthusiast, and editor.
13. John Deere was an American blacksmith and manufacturer who founded Deere & Company— the largest agricultural and construction equipment manufacturers in the world.
14. Cyrus Mcormick was an American inventor and founder of the McCormick Harvesting Machine Company, which became part of International Harvester Company in 1902.
15. Margaret Fuller was a journalist, critic and women's rights activist.
16. Wilson Peale was an American painter, soldier and naturalist.
17. Robert Fulton born in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania in 1765. He may have become interested in steamboats in 1777
18. Brigham Young was a leader in the Latter Day Saint movement and was the president of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints from 1847 until his death.
19. Samuel slater was an early American industrialist popularly known as the "Founder of the American Industrial Revolution".
20. Peter Cartwright was an early American "hellfire and brimstone" preacher.
21. gnarls barkley is a musical collaboration between multi-instrumentalist and producer Danger Mouse (Brian Burton) from New York, and rapper/vocalist Cee-Lo Green (Thomas Callaway), from Atlanta.
22. Susan B. Anthony was a prominent, independent and well-educated American civil rights leader who played a pivotal role in the 19th century women's rights movement to secure women's suffrage in the United States.
23. John Audobon was an American ornithologist, naturalist, hunter, and painter. He painted, catalogued, and described the birds of North America.
24. Washington Irving was an American author of the early 19th century.
25. James fenimore cooper was a prolific and popular American writer of the early 19th century.
26. Henry David Thoreau was an American author, naturalist, transcendentalist, tax resister, development critic, and philosopher who is best known for Walden, a reflection upon simple living in natural surroundings, and his essay, Civil Disobedience, an argument for individual resistance to civil government in moral opposition to an unjust state.
27. John whittier was an American Quaker poet and forceful advocate of the abolition of slavery in the United States.
28. Nathaniel Hawthorne was a 19th century American novelist and short story writer.
29. William Cullen Bryant an American romantic poet, journalist, political adviser, and homeopath.
30. Walt Whitman was an American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist.
31. Oliver Holmes was a physician by profession but achieved fame as a writer; he was one of the best regarded American poets of the 19th century.
32. Herman Melville was an American novelist, short story writer, essayist, and poet. His first two books gained much attention, though they were not bestsellers, and his popularity declined precipitously only a few years later.
33. Ralph Waldp Emerson was an American essayist, poet, and leader of the Transcendentalist movement in the early nineteenth century.
34. Henry Longfellow was an American poet whose works include "Paul Revere's Ride", "A Psalm of Life", "The Song of Hiawatha", "Evangeline", and "Christmas Bells".
35. edger allen poe was an American poet, short story writer, editor, literary critic, and one of the leaders of the American Romantic Movement.
36. Isaac Singer was an American inventor, actor, and entrepreneur.
37.Erie Canal: One of the first man made canals
Ecological Imperialism: To be imperious with plants
Clipper: Sailing ships made for speed of transport.
Molly Maguires: Originated in Ireland, where their semi-legendary vigilante organization fought Irish landlords for tenants' rights.
Unitarians: The belief in the oneness of God opposed to the Christian doctrine of the Trinity
Second Great Awakening: Beginning at about the same time in New England and Kentucky, a new wave of revivals, emphasizing an intensely personal relationship to God.
Awful Disclosures: Disclosures that were deemed awful.
Interchangeable Parts: Industry was revolutionized when producers began to make products with interchangeable parts.
Clermont: First commercially successful steamship of the paddle steamer design.
Rendezvous System: System of transport in which products made multiple planned stops before their destination.
Pony Express: Mailing system which used horseback to transport packages and letters swiftly.
Deism: 18th-century Enlightenment religion emphasizing reason, not miracles.
Paddy Wagons: Slang term for police car.
Mormons: Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints.
Oneida Colony: utopian commune founded by John Humphrey Noyes in 1848 in Oneida, New York.
Railroad: Transported people and goods on a system of tracks on which steam powered engines pulled cars.
Biddies and Paddies: Slang for Irish immigrants, biddies being female and paddies being male.
Tammany Hall: Political organization within the Democratic Party in New York City.
Kindergarten: A group or class that is part of a public school program, and is taught during the year preceding first grade, introduced to America by the Germans.
Transcendentalism: A style of literature and lifestyle popular in the mid and late 19th century. Stressed closeness to nature, experience for the sake of experience, and simplicity.
American Temperance Society: Established in 1826. Within five years there were 2,220 local chapters in the U.S.
Cotton Gin: A machine invented by Eli Whitney which removed seeds from cotton and did so 50 times faster than a single slave.
Knickerbocker Group:
Continental Economy: A more completely national economy within the U.S. which came to fruition in the mid 19th century.
Cumberland Road: One of the first major highways in the U.S.
Cult of Domesticity: also referred to as the “cult of true womanhood.” This was a belief that linked the ideals of womanhood to the domestic sphere.
Limited Liability: Companies in which one did not have to risk their whole life’s savings.
Know Nothing Party: Nativist American political movement of the 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to American values.
65. the seperation of churches caused a rift between the north and south
66. economically and cultrally we chut up with england
67. long hours unsafe and littel pay for workers
68. most people got mad at the Irish because they thowt they were steling jobs
69. harsh land that were not suitable for crops
70. german came just for some thing to do irish had few options
71. faster and a lot less work lowerd the price of food and let farmes prosper
72. faster communication
73. women had some rights but they could not vote or owning land
74. a big boom of american literature
Unit 9 study guide andrew gober
1. James Buchanan James Buchanan (April 23, 1791 – June 1, 1868) was the fifteenth President of the United States (1857–1861). He was the only President from Pennsylvania and the only President never to marry.
2. Zachary Taylor was an American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States. Known as "Old Rough and Ready," Taylor had a 40-year military career in the U.S. Army, serving in the War of 1812, Black Hawk War, and Second Seminole War after achieving fame while leading U.S. troops to victory at several critical battles of the Mexican-American War.
3. Harriet Tubman was an African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the US Civil War.
4. William Seward was a Governor of New York, United States Senator and the United States Secretary of State under Abraham Lincoln and Andrew Johnson.
5. Jefferson Davis was an American politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history from 1861 to 1865 during the American Civil War.
6. Commodore Perry was the Commodore of the U.S. Navy who compelled the opening of Japan to the West with the Convention of Kanagawa in 1854.
7. Charles Sumner was an American politician and statesman from Massachusetts.
8. Daniel Webster was a leading American statesman during the nation's antebellum era.
9. Stephen Douglas was an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and was the Democratic Party nominee for President in 1860.
10. John Calhoun Illinois politician, Surveyor General and pro-slavery leader in the "Bleeding Kansas" era
11. John Brown- Brown: abolitionist who was hanged after leading an unsuccessful raid at Harper's Ferry, Virginia (1800-1858) 12. Henry Clay- Henry Clay (April 12, 1777 - June 29, 1852) was a leading American statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the House of Representatives and Senate. He was a dominant figure in both the Second Party System to 1824, and the Third Party System 13. Abraham Lincoln- Abraham Lincoln, 16th President of the United States (1861-65), from a painting by George Peter Alexander Healy (1887). Lincoln is considered by many historians to be the greatest American president, having guided the country through the devastating experience of the Civil War 14. Millard Fillmore- Millard Fillmore (January 7, 1800 - March 8, 1874) was the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office. ... 15. Franklin Pierce- Franklin Pierce (November 23 1804 - October 8 1869) was an American politician and the 14th President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857 16. Harriet Beecher Stowe- Harriet Elizabeth Beecher Stowe (June 14, 1811 – July 1, 1896) was an American abolitionist and novelist, Her Uncle Tom's Cabin (1852) attacked the cruelty of slavery; it reached millions as a novel and play, and became influential as well in Britain 17. Preston S. Brooks- Preston Smith Brooks (August 5, 1819 - January 27, 1857) was a Congressman from South Carolina, notorious for brutally assaulting senator Charles 18. Dred Scott- Scott: United States slave who sued for liberty after living in a non-slave state; caused the Supreme Court to declare the Missouri Compromise 19. Roger B. Taney- Chief Justice hailed from the slave state of Maryland decreed that because slaves were private property they could be brought with their owners. 20. Popular Sovereignty- The belief that people have the right to decide for themselves 21. Underground Railroad- a secret organization of abolitionists who smuggled slaves out of the slave states 22. Compromise 1850- The Compromise of 1850 was a series of laws that attempted to resolve the territorial and slavery controversies arising from the Mexican-American War (1846-48). The five laws balanced the interests of the slave states of the South and the free states 23. Clayton Bulwar Treaty- an agreement that neither America nor Britain would fortify or seek exclusive control of any future isthmian waterway 24. Uncle Toms Cabin- A novel that depicted the horrors of slavery and was widely renown for its revolutionary style 25. Lecompton Constitution- the Lecompton Constitution was one of four proposed Kansas state constitutions. 26. Freeport Doctrine- The Freeport Doctrine was articulated by Stephen A. Douglas at the second of the Lincoln-Douglas debates on August 27, 1858, in Freeport, Illinois 27. Free Soil Party- The Free Soil Party was a short-lived political party in the United States active in the 1848 and 1852 presidential elections, and in some state elections. It was a breakaway faction of the Democratic party and was largely absorbed by the Republican party in 1854 28. Seventh March Speech- Could not find 29. Fugitive Slave Law 1850- a law passed by Congress in 1850 mainly to compel people in the northern states to assist in the capture and return of runaway slaves. Southerners were angry that many people in northern states were helping escaped slaves avoid capture 30. Kansas-Nebraska Act- A policy enacted so that Kansas would be free and Nebraska would be a slave state 31. Pottawatomie Creek- a place where five men were literally hacked to pieces in front of their families. 32. Know Noting Party-a political party called so because when questioned they said that they knew nothing 33. Crittenden Compromise- The Crittenden Compromise (December 18, 1860) was an unsuccessful proposal 34. Ostend Manifesto- The Ostend Manifesto was a secret document written in 1854 by U.S. diplomats at Ostend, Belgium, describing a plan to acquire Cuba from Spain 35. Gadsden Purchase- The Gadsden Purchase is a 29,640 mi² (76,770 km²) region of what is today southern Arizona and New Mexico that was purchased by the United states 36. Beechers Bibles- "Beecher's Bibles" was the name given to the rifled muskets that were supplied to the anti-slavery immigrants during their journey to Kansas 37. Harpers Ferry- a small town in northeastern West Virginia that was the site of a raid in 1859 by the abolitionist John Brown and his followers 38. Wilmot Proviso- The Wilmot Proviso was introduced on August 8, 1846 in the House of Representatives as a rider on a $2 million appropriations bill 39. Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo- The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo was the peace treaty that ended the Mexican-American War (1846-1848) 40. Gold rush – when people rushed to the source of gold in the west which heavily populated the area 41. Second Era of Good Feelings- another segment in time where the consensus of the American people was positive 42. Cuba- a country to the southeast of Florida 43. 1857 panic- A psychological panic caused by an inflation of currency due to the gold Crimean War over stimulated growing of grain 44. 1860 Homestead act- a law passed in 1862 that gave 160 acres of free land in the West to anyone who would go there and live on the land for five years. Some 400,000 families, including thousands of black settlers, became homesteaders 45. Republican party- a major US political party also known as the GOP (standing for the Grand Old Party). The symbol of the Republican party is the elephant. The Republican party was founded as an anti-slavery party in the mid 1800s. The first Republican US President was Abraham Lincoln. 46. Secession- Secession is the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or political entity. Typically there is a strong issue difference that drives the withdrawal. The word is derived from the Latin term secessio. 47. He wasn’t that assertive of a man. He didn’t know what to do because there was nothing in the constitution about secession. 48. South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana,, Texas, Virginia, Arkansas, Tennessee, North Carolina. 49. Lincoln did although he had lost the debates they launched him into prominence and allowed him to win the election of president 50. Very little. The black slaves were widely unaware of the whole thing and went along with their lives rather than rising up and taking arms against the white man. 51. Mostly Border disputes. 52. So they could continue to spread slavery. 53. The north was mad about how much we paid for a desert. 54. There were many disputes over whether or not the new states would come in as free or slave states. 55. It was the first main novel that was ever published which told the truth about slavery and painted a vivid picture for the rest of the world. 56. It raised questions about whether or not slaves were property and if they were could they be brought along on trips.
