Cadillac Fleetwood

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Cadillac Fleetwood
1954 Cadillac Fleetwood
Manufacturer General Motors
Production 1947–1996, 1999
Class Full-size luxury car

The Fleetwood Metal Body Company began business in Fleetwood, Pennsylvania on April 1, 1909 and continued as an independent automobile body builder until acquired in 1925 by the Fisher Body Company, a division of General Motors. The company continued in Fleetwood until 1931 at which time General Motors moved the entire operation to Detroit.

Long before acquisition by Fisher Body Company, the Fleetwood Metal Body Company had established its reputation as a builder of fine wood and aluminum auto bodies. Its built-to-order product was sought after by many notable people in the U.S. and abroad, some of whom were royalty from India and Japan, presidents of Poland and the United States, and well-known American movie idols. One specimen, built for silent screen star Rudolph Valentino, was recently on sale for $1,600,000.00.

"Unique" was the magic word that attracted the wealthy. One could purchase a chassis with wheels and motor from the best builders abroad, Isotta Fraschini, Bentley, Mercedes, Rolls-Royce or Fiat. American makers were Duesenberg, Packard, Cadillac, Pierce-Arrow or Stutz. There were also Reading makers of the S.G.V., the Chadwick and Daniels. The purchased chassis with engine and wheels was shipped to Fleetwood while the purchaser met with one of the company’s designers, usually in New York, to put onto a drawing the customer’s ideas of what the finished design should be. Once accepted, the plans were sent to Fleetwood where the body would be created, mounted on the chassis and finished in the colors, upholstery, and appointments chosen by the new owner. The car was “unique” to the likes of the proud possessor.

Eventually, under Fisher’s directives, the company also made production models with the celebrated Fleetwood name. General Motors most notable Cadillac model was the “Fleetwood” until it was recently discontinued.

The Fleetwood name was used on the top of the Cadillac line since 1927. In 1946, Cadillac created a special version of the Series 60 called the "Series 60 Special Fleetwood". The Fleetwood name was then used to designate the top of the line trim of the Series 70 and Sixty Special models through 1976.

In 1972, Cadillac refocused the Fleetwood name. The Fleetwood Limousine carried on from the Fleetwood Seventy-Five, while the Fleetwood Brougham took over where the Sixty Special was positioned.

Contents

[edit] 1946-1964

Two Fleetwood models:

[edit] 1965

For 1965, the Eldorado and Sixty Special officially became part of the Fleetwood line along with the Seventy-Five. A new Fleetwood Brougham line was also added as an upscale Sixty Special.

[edit] 1971-1976

Generation x
Fleetwood Brougham
Production 1971–1976
Predecessor Cadillac Sixty Special
Body style(s) 2-door coupe
4-door sedan
Layout FR layout
Platform D-body
Engine(s) 472 in³ Lxx V8
500 in³ Lxx Gas V8
Wheelbase 130 in (3302 mm)
Generation x
Fleetwood 75
Production 1971–1976
Predecessor Cadillac Fleetwood 75
Body style(s) 4-door limousine
Layout FR layout
Platform D-body
Engine(s) 472 in³ Lxx V8
500 in³ Lxx Gas V8

The beginning of the end of the largest of all GM production cars was realized with the introduction of the 1971 B/C/D body cars. Cadillac remained exclusive to the D body for the Deville and Fleetwood with a wheelbase stretching to a lengthy 130 inches (3,300 mm). Engines grew to cubic inches not seen since the end of these massive cars, displacing 472 (7.7L) and finally 500 (8.2L) cubic inches. Unfortunately hp and torque levels plummeted with ever increasing EPA restrictions on tailpipe emissions and grams per mile emissions requirements, forcing gear ratios to taller and taller ratios, dropping to as low as 2.41:1.

1971 also saw the consolidation of the GM full size car lines to a new common frame/suspension design, shared by the Chevrolet Caprice/Impala/Bel Air, Buick LeSebre/Electra, Oldsmobile 88/98, Pontiac Catalina/Bonneville, and the Cadillac Sedan Deville/Coupe Deville and Fleetwood. While the other GM divisions used a front-steer setup (steering linkage in front of the engine crossmember), all Cadillac RWDs retained the 1961-vintage front suspension (rear steering linkage, eccentric cams in the steering knuckle in lieu of shims, strut rods attached to the framerails for caster adjustment). Rear suspsensions were now driven by the Pontiac designed 8 7/8" (8.875") ring gear 10 bolt salisubury live axle.

A new trailer towing package was added for the 1971-1976 model run allowing larger than ever trailers to be towed by Cadillac owners. Coupled with heavy duty cooling, 3.23 gearing, high output 80 amp large frame alternator and Heavy Duty THM400 transmission, the long wheelbase was ideal to pull trailers weighing up to 7,000 lb (3,200 kg).

Engines:

  • 1971-1974 472 cid / 7.7L
  • 1975-1976 500 cid / 8.2L

Transmissions:

  • 1971-1976 THM400

[edit] 1977-1986

1977-1986
1982 Fleetwood Brougham
Production 1977–1986
Predecessor Cadillac Sixty Special
Cadillac Fleetwood 75
Successor Cadillac Brougham
Body style(s) 2-door coupe
4-door sedan
4-door limousine
Layout FR layout
Platform C-body
D-body
Engine(s) 425 in³ L33 V8
350 in³ LF9 Diesel V8
252 in³ Buick V6
368 in³ L62 V8-6-4 V8
4.1 L HT-4100 V8
Wheelbase 121.5 in (3086 mm)
144.5 in (3670 mm) (limo)

For 1977, the Fleetwood line diverged into two models. The Fleetwood Limousine used the new long-wheelbase(144.5 in (3,670 mm)) D-body chassis, while the Fleetwood sedan (including Brougham, which was now only an option package rather than a separate model) had the shorter 121.5 in (3086 mm) C-body platform. Also new was Cadillac's 425 in³ L33 V8, with optional diesel power coming the next year thanks to Oldsmobile. The Limousine was only available with the carbureted 425.

Engines:

  • 1977-1979 425 ci (7.0 L) L33 V8, 180 hp (134 kW)
  • 1977-1979 425 ci (7.0 L) L35 V8, 195 hp (port fuel injection)
  • 1978-1979 350 ci (5.7 L) LF9 Diesel V8, 105 hp (78 kW)

[edit] 1980

For 1980, all Fleetwood models retained the 121.5-inch (3,090 mm) wheelbase and rear wheel drive chassis introduced for the 1977 models. The limousine version, called the Fleetwood 75, ended production in 1984. The two-door Fleetwood Brougham, introduced in 1980, was based upon the Coupe de Ville but featured an exclusive formal landau vinyl roof. The two-door was discontinued after the 1985 model year, but the sedan held on for several years.

The 425 in³ (7.0 L) engine, a reduced bore 472, was further debored for 1980-1981 to 368 cubic inches or 6.0 liters. For 1981, the 368 was provided with a modulated displacement system designed by Eaton Corporation, controlled by a digital computer, which locked off intake and exhaust valves to 2 or 4 of the 8 cylinders, thus running effectively as a V6 or V4 under light load conditions where in third gear, and over 35 miles per hour. This engine was called the "V8-6-4", and its electronics and sensors proved troublesome and, except for limousines, this engine was dropped after 1981. The engine's controls and sensors were a stretch for the computer power of the era. Available in 1981 & 1982 was Cadillac's first non-V8 powerplant in many years - a 4.1 liter 252cu V6 engine mated to a 4-bbl carb. This engine, manufactured by Buick, was available as a credit option. Cadillac buyers held little appeal for V6 power in such a large car.

Both the 425 and 368 are small-bore versions of the 472 (which was introduced in late 1967 for the '68 model year). The larger 500 had the 472's bore but a longer stroke. This engine family was the last Cadillac cast-iron engine, and the last 'big-block'. All companion subsequent engines in this model series (1977-1996) were from Buick (the shortlived 252 in³ / 4.1 liter V6), Oldsmobile (the 350 diesel and 307 gasoline V8), Chevrolet (the 305 and 350 V8s) and of course Cadillac itself, with its troublesome "HT4100" small block V8, an alloy unit with cast iron cylinder liners.

Engines:

  • 1980-1984 368 in³ L62 V8-6-4 V8, 140 hp (104 kW) (Limousine/Commercial only after 1980)
  • 1980-1985 350 in³ LF9 Diesel V8, 105 hp (78 kW)
  • 1981-1982 252 in³ Buick V6, 125 hp (93 kW)
  • 1982-1985 4.1 L HT-4100 V8, 125 hp (93 kW)
  • 1988-1989 5.0 L Oldsmobile V8 307 engine V8 107 hp (79.7 kW)


[edit] 1985-1989 (FWD)

Generation III
Fleetwood
Production 1985–1988
Body style(s) 4-door sedan
2-door coupe
4-door limousine
Layout FF layout
Platform C-body
Engine(s) 4.3 L LS2 Diesel V6
4.1 L HT-4100 V8
4.5 L HT-4500 V8
Transmission(s) 4-speed automatic
Wheelbase 110.8 in (2,810 mm) D'Elegance
115.8 in Sixty Special
134.4 in 75 Limousine
Length 196.4 in (4,990 mm)
Width 72.5 in (1,840 mm)
Height 55.0 in (1,400 mm)
Fuel capacity 18 US gal (68 L/15 imp gal)
Related Cadillac De Ville

For 1985, all Fleetwood models (except the Fleetwood Brougham) moved to the front wheel drive C-body. The standard Fleetwood shared the same 110.8 in (2814 mm) wheelbase as the other C-body cars, while the Limousine "Fleetwood 75" stretched it to 134.4 in (3414 mm). The Fleetwood Brougham remained on the RWD platform, (which was redesignated as "D-body" for 1985) through 1986.

Engines:

Transmissions:

  • 1985-1986 THM440 T4

[edit] 1987

The rear wheel drive Fleetwood Brougham became simply the Cadillac Brougham for 1987, leaving all Fleetwoods on the new FWD platform. There was little more than trim differenced between the Fleetwood D'Elegance and Deville. The 1987 and 1988 Fleetwood Sixty Special used a stretched 115.8 in (2941 mm) version of the C-body, while the Limousine "Fleetwood 75" (discontinued after 1987) remained at 134.4 in (3414 mm) between the wheels.

The aluminum 4.1 L HT-4100 V8 was the only engine for 1987, and it was replaced by the 4.5 L HT-4500 the next year. The engine was upped to 4.9 L for 1991's HT-4900.

Engines:

Transmissions:

  • 1987-1988 4T60


[edit] 1989-1993

Generation IV
Fleetwood/Sixty Special
1989-1993 Cadillac Fleetwood sedan
Production 1989–1993
1994 (Sixty Special)
Body style(s) 4-door sedan
2-door coupe
Layout FF layout
Platform C-body
Engine(s) 4.5 L HT-4500 V8
4.9 L HT-4900 V8
Transmission(s) 4-speed automatic
Wheelbase 110.8 in (2814 mm) coupes
113.8 in (2891 mm) sedans
Length 205.1 in (5,210 mm).
Width 73.4 in (1,860 mm).
Height 54.4 in (1,380 mm).
Fuel capacity 18 US gal (68 L/15 imp gal)
Related Cadillac De Ville

For 1989, the Fleetwood line was aligned more-closely with the Deville, essentially becoming trim variations on the same vehicle. The coupe versions of both shared the old 110.8 in (2814 mm) wheelbase, while the sedans (including the "Sixty Special") were unified at 113.8 in (2891 mm). Exterior dimensions were also identical between the model lines, with a length of 202.3 in (5138 mm) and 205.3 in (5215 mm) for the coupe and sedan, respectively.

The US$30,000 sticker price was a bargain compared to the large German luxury cars of the time, but Car and Driver felt that there was no comparison. They felt that the ride was "harsh", surprising when combined with a "feeble" .67 g of cornering grip. And the 155 hp (116 kW) V8 could only manage 10.9 s to 60 mph (96 km/h) for the 3615 lb (1640 kg) car.

Power jumped to 180 hp (134 kW) from the same 4.5 L engine for 1990 through the use of a dual-stage intake manifold and other changes. It was replaced by the 200 hp (149 kW) 4.9 L HT-4900 for 1991.

The Fleetwood departed the front-drive line-up for 1993 (as the Fleetwood name went on the new rear-drive replacement for the 1992 Brougham). Sixty Special continued in its front-wheel drive form, as it had since it was re-introduced in 1987, but this would be the last year. To visually differentiate the 1989 - 1993 De Ville from the upper-rung Fleetwood and Sixty-Special models, the front-drive Fleetwoods and Sixty Specials use fender-mounted "spats" or skirts over the rear wheels, while De Ville had full rear-wheel openings. For it's final-year, there were 5,292 Sixty Specials built in 1993, including 688 with the optional "Ultra" Package that featured 22-way adjustable front seats, designed in Italy by Giorgio Grugiaro. This distinctive seating package had been standard on the Sixty Special since 1989, but in 1993, it became a $3,550.00 option.

Both the Fleetwood and Deville were coded as C-bodies in the fourth digit of the VIN. The fifth digit coded the Deville as "D" (with the later Touring Sedan becoming "T"), the Fleetwood as "B", and the Fleetwood Sixty Special as "S". The Sixty Special became the "G" code for 1991, and switched back to "B" for its 1993 run.

Engines:

Transmissions:

  • 1989 4T60
  • 1990-1993 4T60E


[edit] 1994-1996

Generation V
Fleetwood
1994-96 Cadillac Fleetwood
Also called Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham
Production 1994–1996
Assembly Arlington, Texas
Predecessor Cadillac Brougham
Body style(s) 4-door sedan
Layout FR layout
Platform D-body
Engine(s) 5.7 L L05 V8
5.7 L LT1 V8
Transmission(s) 4-speed automatic
Wheelbase 121.5 in (3086 mm)
Length 225.0 in (5,720 mm)
Width 78.0 in (1,980 mm)
Height 57.1 in (1,450 mm)
Fuel capacity 23 US gal (87 L/19 imp gal)

For 1994, the Fleetwood name was switched from the Deville's front wheel drive C-body to the newly revised rear wheel drive D-body, being one of the first American front-wheel drive vehicles to switch to rear-wheel drive. This new body was based on the Caprice. The 1994 Fleetwood was the largest production car made in the United States until production ceased in 1996[citation needed]. It was replaced by the d'Elegance trim line of the Cadillac DeVille.

1994 brought the Corvette-derived LT-1 350 in³ (5.7 L) engine to make 260 hp (193.9 kW) along with the new 4L60E transmission. Between 1994 and 1996, the Fleetwood chassis was used in lieu of the DeVille for funeral coaches and limousines. The DeVille was used again in 1997.

The 7,000 lb (3,200 kg) trailer towing package returned to the Gen 5 Fleetwood in 1993, something not seen in a production sedan since the 1971-1976 Gen 3 Fleetwood[citation needed]. The RPO (regular production option) V4P package included heavy duty cooling (RPO V08, which consisted of a 7 blade mechanical fan and an extra capacity radiator), RPO FE2 Suspension System Ride Handling, HD 4L60 transmission, RPO KC4 Cooling System Engine Oil, RPO KD1 Cooling System Transmission Oil, RPO KG9 140 amp alternator, and RPO GT4 3.73 gears with an 8.5" ring gear. In 1994-1996, the V4P package was revised with RPO GU6 3.42 gears with the new more powerful RPO LT1 260 hp V8, and HD 4L60E transmission with unique accumulators to shift smoother with the shorter rear axle gearing.

The Fleetwood was upgraded with a 9.5" Semi Floating axle (sourced from Chevrolet/GMC C/K 3/4 ton trucks fitted with wide drums and 1/2" studs) with 3.42 ratio, along with 1" wide brake rotors (from Chevrolet/GMC G-series vans) on coach builder, limousine, and armor plating models.

Engines:

  • 1994 5.7 L L05 V8, 185 hp (138 kW)
  • 1995-1996 5.7 L LT1 V8, 260 hp (194 kW)

Transmissions:

  • 1994 4L60
  • 1995-1996 4L60E

[edit] 1999

The 1999 Cadillac Fleetwood Limited was built by the Superior Coach Company in Lima, Ohio. Superior took a regular production 1999 Cadillac De Ville and stretched out one foot in length. It was priced at around $52,000. Exactly 467 were produced.

[edit] Film

Five Cadillac Fleetwood Seventy-Fives, a Cadillac Fleetwood Brougham and a Cadillac Fleetwood Station Wagon are stolen in the 1974 film Gone in 60 seconds.

Cadillac Fleetwood Seventy-Five with a special landau roof in Gone In 60 Seconds

Cadillac Fleetwood Seventy-Five in Gone In 60 Seconds

[edit] References & Links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
  • Arthur St. Antoine (April 1989). "Cadillac Fleetwood Road Test". Car and Driver 34 (10): 55–61. 


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