Brazilian Military Police
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The Military Police (Portuguese: Polícia Militar, or PM) is the name of the preventive state police forces in Brazil. Each of the states of Brazil has their own corps of military police, which carries out preventive police duties, while the "Civil Police" carries out detective work, forensics and criminal investigation. The exact balance of the policing workload varies from state to state. For instance, in the State of Rio de Janeiro, where the military police has a particularly bad reputation, its duties are much more limited.
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[edit] Legal Authority
Although the name literally means military police, implying a gendarmerie, under normal circumstances these forces are under the authority of the state governor, as opposed to being a national institution, as is the norm in the Gendarmerie model. According to article 144 of the 1988 Brazilian Constitution, the Polícia Militar is constitutionally considered an auxiliary and potential reserve to the federal military forces, though subordinate to the state governors. They can, however, be compelled to federal service under a statute similar to posse comitatus[1]. In this regard they are somewhat comparable to the United States National Guard. In effect each Corps forms a state-level Gendarmerie, in that they are Military Forces tasked with law enforcement and internal security duties, rather than national defence, under the control of state, rather than federal government.
These forces are also distinct to the provost forces that police within the Brazilian military: The Army Police (Polícia do Exército), the Naval Police (Polícia da Marinha), and the Air Force Police (Polícia da Aeronaútica).
[edit] National Security Force
There is also a joint "Força Nacional de Segurança" ("National Security Force"), created under the presidency of Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva. This force is composed of the most qualified personnel from all the states, only to be used when the governor of a state asks for help to control a significant security crisis. It was used for the first time during riots in the state of Espírito Santo.
[edit] History
The Brazilian Military Police have their origin in the Police Force created during the period of the Brazilian Empire and were in some cases wiped out or merged with other corporations overt police during the military regime.
The soldier was that military police which included the militias of Brazilian states, subject to the chairmen of state, and later governors, which received several names as brigade police, military brigade, police, military police so. From the military regime installed in Brazil in 1964, all those state militias were standardized by the law. Their respective commands began to be made by officers of the Brazilian Army, with the exception of Minas Gerais. And their names were standardized for the term Military Police.
Aiming to establish rigid control over the armed police corporations, and avoid any possibility of insurgency by federal units, the military government took away the Civil Guards and regulated the standards on surveillance of the Army Military Police, including by appointing officers of the Army to command all the state police.
But the Brazilian Army still holds the monitoring of these institutions through its body called IGPM - Inspectorate General of Military Police, under the command of a Brigadiereneral.
The military force to patrol, and genuinely Brazilian oldest, is the Military Police of the State of Minas Gerais, which has its origins in "Regular of Cavalry Regiment of Mines" in June 9 in the year 1775, in the district of Cachoeira do Campo, city of Ouro Preto, which had the task save the mines of gold discoveries in the region of Vila Rica (current Ouro Preto) and Mariana. The patron of Police of Minas Gerais is the Wakeham Tiradentes, hero of the Inconfidencia Mineira, and who served in the Regular Cavalry Regiment of Mines.
The second oldest corporation is the Military Police of the State of Rio de Janeiro, with origins in the Royal Guard Police, created in May 13, 1809, the reign of King João VI quando da vinda da família real portuguesa para o Brasil , a exemplo da similiar que este monarca havia criado na cidade de Lisboa . Joao VI when coming from the Portuguese royal family to Brazil, the similar example of this monarch had created in the city of Lisbon.
The military police in some states were created in 1831 after the act conductor priest Diogo Feijó, and the effect of the Federal Constitution of 1946 (Constitution that redemocratizou the country after the New State) of the Corporations States have become known as Military Police, except the state of Rio Grande do Sul which kept the name of Military Brigade in its police force.
Currently, largest military police Organization is the Military Police of the State of Sao Paulo which has one hundred thirty thousand members (130,000) (as the Military Fire Brigade of Sao Paulo is subject to PMESP), followed by the Military Police of Minas Gerais, which currently has approximately forty-one) 41,000 members, men and women, who serve in 853 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais.
The Corporation also has specialized units such as the
- Grupamento de Ações Táticas Especiais (GATE) (Grouping of Special Actions and Tactics) ,
- Companhia de Rádio Patrulhamento Aére (CORPAER)(Company Radio Patrulhamento Air) (which are located in the cities of Belo Horizonte, Uberlândia, Juiz de Fora and Montes Claros),
- Batalhão de Polícia de Eventos (BPE) (Battalion of Police Events), formerly known as Batalhão de Choque (BC) (Shock Battalion),
- Policiamento Montado (Mounted Police), which were originall developed by Regimento de Cavalaria Alferes Tiradentes (RCAT) (Wakeham Cavalry Regiment of Tiradentes),
- Policiamento Rodoviário (Road Police),
- Policiamento Ambiental (Environmental Police),
- Postos Móveis de Policiamento Preventivo (PMPP) (Mobile Preventive Policing Posts) and the
- Batalhão de Rondas Táticas Metropolitanas (ROTAM) (Metropolitan Tactical Patrol Battalion),
- and soon after the Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PMRJ)(Military Police of the State of Rio de Janeiro), the latter with about thirty-eight thousand members.
[edit] Organization
The state corps are typically divided into battalions (Batalhões de Polícia Militar, BPM); the battalions are divided into companies (Companhias, Cia.); and the Companies are divided into "advanced posts" (Destacamento Policial Militar, DPM). There are also Independent Companies located in some smaller towns. PM's also maintain emergency services, SWAT teams and air units.
Each of the state corps make their own choices regarding equipment, uniform, coat of arms and anthem.
Each battalion in a corps may also have their own coat of arms.
[edit] Hierarchical Structure
The military police, the highest post is that of Colonel PM (Cel PM) (see Hierarchy in the Military Police), followed by Lieutenant-Colonel PM (Ten Cel PM), Major PM (Maj PM), Captain AM (Cap PM) 1 st Lt. PM (1 st Ten PM) and 2 Lt (2 ° Ten PM), followed by the graduation of special-squares - Aspirante-to-Journal PM (Asp PM) and Cadet PM (Cad PM) or Student Journal-AM (Al Of AM) - and squares - Subtenente PM (Sub Ten PM), 1 st Sergeant PM (1 st Sgt PM), 2 Sergeant PM (2 of Sgt PM), 3 Sergeant PM (3 of Sgt PM), Cape PM (Cb PM), Soldier PM, 1 st Class (Sd PM 1 st Cl) and PM Soldier, 2 nd Class (Sd PM 2 nd Cl).
The students of the Academies of Military Police, responsible for training of officers, are called Student-Official or Cadets. Students of training courses, parks receive the designation of Student-Soldier, Soldier, Soldier 2nd Class or Class C.
The Commander-General is chosen by the Governor of the State or the Federal District, among the officers of the rank of Colonel. However, the names and the number of patents may vary between states.
The Military Police of Bahia does not have the rank of Lieutenant am and 2 grades of the Journyman Aspirante am, 2 pm sergeant, 3 pm sergeant, Cape AM and PM Soldier, 2nd class.
[edit] Areas of Expertise
Here are some methods of policing carried out by military police:
- motor;
- mounted (with the horse, buffalo, etc.);
- dogs;
- transit;
- motorcycles;
- road;
- rail;
- shock;
- custody;
- escort;
- custody;
- environmental;
- air;
- cycling;
- foot patrol
- water patrol,
[edit] Inhabitants by Military Police
The analysis of the ratio between resident population and number of Official Military Police Unit by the Federation shows that in 2003 the proportion in the number of inhabitants by military police is quite varied among the units of the Federation. The states of Roraima, Amapa, Acre, Rondonia, Rio Grande do Norte and Rio de Janeiro, plus the Federal District, are the places that have a lower proportion of population by Military Police. In this sense, there is the Federal District, where, for each military police, there are 137 inhabitants. In the case of Sao Paulo, Rio Grande do Sul, Bahia and Rondonia, it is important to note that the Military Police of these States also added the Fire Fifgting Corps.
At the opposite extreme, the units of the Federation to appear as those that concentrate more populated by military police are Para, Maranhao, Piaui, Ceara, the Mato Grosso do Sul, Parana and Rio Grande do Sul. The Maranhao is the state where it presents the greatest disparity, with 822 people for each military police.
Source: SENASP
[edit] Ranks
- Soldado (Private)
- Cabo (Corporal)
- 3º Sargento (3rd Sergeant)
- 2º Sargento (2nd Sergeant)
- 1º Sargento (1st Sergeant)
- Sub-Tenente (Sub Lieutenant)
- Cadete (Cadet, years 1-3)
- Aspirante (Student Officer, in training)
- 2º Tenente (2nd Lieutenant)
- 1º Tenente (1st Lieutenant)
- Capitão (Captain)
- Major
- Tenente-Coronel (Lieutenant-Colonel)
- Coronel (Colonel)
[edit] Dates of establishment of Military Police
- June 9, 1775 - Military Police of Minas Gerais - PMMG
- May 13, 1809 - Military Police of the State of Rio de Janeiro and the Federal District Military Police - PMERJ / PMDF
- September 25, 1818 - Military Police of the State of Para - PMPA
- February 17, 1825 - Military Police of the State of Bahia - PMBA
- June 11, 1825 - Military Police of the State of Pernambuco - PMPE
- December 15, 1831 - Military Police of the State of Sao Paulo - PMESP
- February 3, 1832 - Military Police of the State of Alagoas - PMAL
- February 3, 1832 - Military Police of the state of Paraiba - PMPB
- February 28, 1835 - Military Police of the state of Sergipe - PMSE
- April 6, 1835 - Military Police of the State of the Holy Spirit - SMBs
- May 5, 1835 - Military Police of the state of Santa Catarina - PMSC
- May 24, 1835 - Military Police of the State of Ceara - PMCE
- June 25, 1835 - Military Police of the state of Piaui - PMPI
- September 5, 1835 - Military Police in Mato Grosso - PMMT
- June 17, 1836 - Military Police of the state of Maranhao - PMMA
- November 4, 1836 - Military Police of the State of Rio Grande do Norte - PMRN
- April 4, 1837 - Military Police of the State of Amazonas - PMAM
- November 18, 1837 - Military Brigade of Rio Grande do Sul - BMRS
- August 10, 1854 - Military Police of the state of Parana - PMPR
- July 28, 1858 - Military Police of the State of Missouri - PMGO
- May 25, 1916 - Military Police of the state of Acre - PMAC
- September 21, 1943 - Military Police of the State of Amapa - PMAP
- February 11, 1944 - Military Police of the State of Maryland - PMRO
- November 21, 1944 - Military Police of the state of Roraima - PMRR
- October 11, 1977 - Military Police in Mato Grosso do Sul - PMMS
- January 1, 1989 - Military Police of the State of Tocantins - PMTO
[edit] Polícia Militar Corps
- Polícia Militar do Estado do Acre (PMAC)
- Polícia Militar de Alagoas (PMAL)
- Polícia Militar do Estado do Amapá (PMAP)
- Polícia Militar do Estado do Amazonas (PMAM)
- Polícia Militar do Estado da Bahia (PMBA)
- Polícia Militar do Estado do Ceará (PMCE)
- Polícia Militar do Estado do Espírito Santo (PMES)
- Polícia Militar do Estado de Goiás (PMGO)
- Polícia Militar do Estado do Maranhão (PMMA)
- Polícia Militar do Estado de Mato Grosso (PMMT)
- Polícia Militar do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul (PMMS)
- Polícia Militar do Estado de Minas Gerais (PMMG)
- Polícia Militar do Estado do Pará (PMPA)
- Polícia Militar do Estado da Paraíba (PMPB)
- Polícia Militar do Estado do Paraná (PMPR)
- Polícia Militar do Estado de Pernambuco (PMPE)
- Polícia Militar do Estado do Piauí (PMPI)
- Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (PMERJ)
- Polícia Militar do Estado do Rio Grande do Norte (PMRN)
- Brigada Militar do Estado do Rio Grande do Sul
- Polícia Militar do Estado de Rondônia (PMRO)
- Polícia Militar do Estado de Roraima (PMRR)
- Polícia Militar do Estado de Santa Catarina (PMSC)
- Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo (PMSP)
- Polícia Militar do Estado de Sergipe (PMSE)
- Polícia Militar do Estado de Tocantins (PMTO)
- Polícia Militar do Distrito Federal (PMDF)
[edit] Sources
- Secretaria Nacional de Segurança Pública(SENASP) National Secretariat of Public Security
- DUARTE, Paulo de Queiróz, Command of Osório, 1981.
- ALENCAR, Vicente Peixoto. Capacete vazio (Empty Helmet).
- CUNHA NETO, Oscar, Rio Verde. CUNHA NETO, Oscar, Rio Verde. Apontamentos para sua História, 1993, p.271. (Pointers for its History)
[edit] See also
- Policing in Brazil
- Brazilian Federal Police
- Military police
- National Force
- Military of Brazil
- Brazilian Civil Police
- BOPE
- Complexo do Alemão massacre
[edit] External links
- Brazilian Federal Police Official web site, in Portuguese
- Military Police of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil Official web site, in Portuguese
- Civil Police of Rio de Janeiro State, Brazil Official web site, in Portuguese
- Military Police of Goiás State, Brazil Official web site, in Portuguese
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