User:Bkwillwm/test
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The Oyster Wars (1882-1883) were a crack down by Governor William E. Cameron against oyster dredgers in the lower Chesapeake Bay. Previous conflicts also known as "Oyster Wars" were fought between Maryland and Virginia watermen.
Cameron was a member of the Readjuster Party and wanted to gain political support from the Oyster Wars to back his reforms. Paris, France
Iroquois society always split into two. East/Sapling West(Flint) Leads to gendering production 120-121 Women field, all crop work. Men/forest, make all things involving trees. 121
At contact women supply 65% of food, men 35%.
2000 people in a village. 122
Forests and fields carefully managed. Hardly any famine. Europeans noticed food abundance. Greater crop yields at contact than europe at that time. 122
Women were keepers of land owned in common by clans 122
Fields were often several hundred acres. 123
Clan Mother's Council met every two years to redistribute land among the clans porportional to clan size. (They met annually for planning). Some land held in common which was farmed by all the village for festivals and councils. kěndiǔgwǎ'ge' hodi'yěn'tho' were collective lands. Clans would be warned then punished for miss using or neglecting land by Mother's Council who would redistribute land to other clan. 123
individuals would be warned then punished by having no share of harvest. Clanswomen strove for social prestige of doing work well, shirking rare.123
Work crews "Good RUle, they assist one another", organzied. Female appointed to direct management of clans. order crews around. field split in half.123
Agric not hard work. Only during summer, for 6 weeks by one accoount.123
3 sisters, 3-4 ft mound farming (called "sucking the teat of mother earth). Careful planting of each seed in spaced mounds. Corn on top of mound, bean placed to climb cornstalk. Beans sometimes placed around field on tree limb stakes to form a palisade. Squash planted in shade of corn and bean on sides of mounds. Tobacco sometimes scattered in between mounds for natural insectside. manure, fish, shell, fertilize. 3 sisters oldest corn, youngest squash. also grew watermelons, muskmelon, cucumber, potato, and sunflower. 124
natural fields of nuts berries frutis and roots. not planted but tended where found.124
annual crop rotation, beans where heavy corn growth before. rotate towns every 15-20 years new site along preexisting paths. 124
fall husking bee used to prep corn for winter storage. Braid husks. bachelors pitch in an Clan mothers look to see interaction.124-125
Harvest stored for lean times. Distributed based on need, not by clan or national affiliation. Silos were underground pits, bark lined, 5ft deep. Once filled, covered with bark and soil, prevent animal and human raiding. Only squash, beans, potato and dry fruit held in pit. Corn braided together was wrapped on rafters around longhouse or in corn crib. Corn buried during war. Euro invasion led to regular corn burying. Empty pits used for waste.125
Women make plant products. Weave hulling baskets, hominy, meal, ash sifters, planting baskets, other baskelts, husk bottles, hanging crades, futons, door mats, all pottery (earth, Earth Mother association).126
Homosexuals allowed to work in fields as women. 126
Men guard fields, warrior job. 126
Men clear forest 127.
Men farm tobacco in forest openings, tobacco associated with male spirituality. Imported from Canada mostly.127
Men burnt future fields to clear them for farming, swidden to clear undergrowth of forest. Men plant trees and orchards. When town-rotating, plant saplings 10ft apart in 2 parallel rows. 20 yrs later bent over to form longhouse rafters. 127
Hunt in winter 127 Hunt by clans paired with opposite sides. Maintain forests actively. Foster plants for prey game food to create certain spots likely for game. Often keep track of animals. Sometimes even hunt specific animal based on age and not mothers. Only take as much as known to be demanded. 128
“Hunting brides”, younger women assist men in managing caracses. Older women pick younger proxy wives for husband on their hunts.128
system of Indian trails, waterways. 128
Waterways prized as faster, easier than foot. Land for fording. Ways and trails clan specific. Right of way to clan of discoverer. Use of way granted to other clans by gifting, signify with symbolic “permission wampum.”129
Men make canoues, snowshoes, bowls, spots, paddles, mortars and pestles. Longhouses built by men, whole village 2-3 days. 129
Guests fed when entering a lodge, guests fed before hosts if little food. Children told of a bogey that got them if they ate too much.130
Women control food supply, game too. 130
Women cooked and processed food, drying foods. Women owned longhouses of their clan and all within131
Goods distributed among clan by gifting. 131
Only point of amassing stores was to fit for prestige. 131
Gifting done periodically, among clan, towns, and nations of iroqoius.131
Gifts among individuals and groups131
Gifts given to shaman as a gift to spirit world allowing balance for gifts from spirit world. 131
Shamans amassed gifts and redistributed them at festivals132
Gifting with foreign nations, pass gift trade prtacitce. Conch from gulf of mexico, tobacco from petuns in Canada, others gifting used mainly to cement alliance. 132
Europe radically alters systems 132-133.
