Basel Münster
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
The Basel Münster (Basler Münster) is one of the main landmarks and tourist attractions of the Swiss city of Basel. It adds definition to the cityscape with its red sandstone architecture and coloured roof tiles, its two slim towers and the cross-shaped intersection of the main roof. The Münster is listed as a heritage site of national significance.[1]
Originally a Catholic cathedral and today a reformed Protestant church, it was built between 1019 and 1500 in Romanesque and Gothic styles. The late Romanesque building was destroyed by the 1356 Basel earthquake and rebuilt by Johannes Gmünd, who was at the same time employed for building the Freiburg Münster. This building was extended from 1421 by Ulrich von Ensingen, architect of the cathedral towers at Ulm and Strasbourg. The southern tower was completed in 1500 by Hans von Nußdorf.
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[edit] Building history
[edit] Early structures
The hill on which the Münster is located today was already a building site in the late Celtic Era in first century BC. A pre-Roman rampart (Murus Gallicus) was uncovered during archeological excavations. Both gate constructions and the historical run of the street can be partly retraced. This road parted at today`s position of the Münster where once assumedly was a small temple which later was replaced by a Roman fort.
The first bishop of Basel is claimed to be Justinianus 343-346 AC. The bishop`s see was relocated from Kaiseraugst (Augusta Raurica) to Münster hill during the Early Middle Ages. According to the archeologist Hans Rudolf Sennhauser this transfer presumably took place at the beginning of the seventh Century under bishop Ragnacharius, a former monk of monastery Luxeuil. There is no historical evidence for (the existence) of a cathedral before the ninth century.
[edit] First church structure - the Haito Münster
The complicated construction history of the Münster covers more than 500 years. It is not entirely clear when construction began exactly. The original Carolinian church, the so-called “Haito Münster”, was built by Bishop Haito of Basel, in the first half of the 9th century (805-823). Haito was head of the Benedictine Abbey of Reichenau at Lake Constance. Archaeological evidence of the foundation of this first church has been found. It seems likely that the building consisted of one hall, several smaller rooms located along the longer side of the building and two round towers at the west end. The distinctive western part of the building used to lead down to crooked streets, one of which can still be seen as one moves along the "Rittergasse" towards the Münster. The bishop's palace, also called "Palatium" or "Pfalz", led southwards from the chapel. It is not known what the eastern part of the church looked like but it is certain, however, that the Haito Münster had a crypt beneath the sanctuary. Nothing of the interior furnishing has survived.
The Haito Münster was a remarkable structure at the time because churches with three naves were just starting to become more common. Built as a single-hall church building, the Münster represented an older architectural style. On the other hand, the front facade with its two towers was one of the first of its kind. The Haito Münster was damaged by raiding Hungarians in 917. How badly the church was damaged during this episode is not clear.
[edit] Second church structure - the Heinrich Münster
Built on the old foundations of the Haito Münster some time after the turn of the first millennium a new building in the early Romanesque style of the Ottonian period was built by order of Bishop Adalberto II (approx. 999 - 1025). Sometimes called “Adalberto Cathedral”, the three-nave cathedral is actually named after its patron Emperor Henry II, in German “Heinrich”. The cathedral is dedicated to Emperor Henry II and his wife Kunigunde. The bishop governed the city as representative of the Emperor who gained possession of Basel in 1006.
Excavations from 1973-1974 prove that the crypt of this building, consecrated in 1019, had not been expanded. At the end of the eleventh century a tower made of light-colored limestone and molasse was erected on the western side of the building. This historic structure remains forming the bottom part of the north tower (Georgsturm) today. Heinrich Münster did not possess a tower on the south side.
[edit] Third church structure - late Romanesque
The building as it stands today dates back for the most part to the late Romanesque architecture Romanesque building constructed in the last third of the 12th century and completed around 1225. On the foundations of the previous buildings a church with three naves and a transept was built. Even though supported by massive pillars, an earthquake in 1356 destroyed five towers, various vaults and parts of the crypts. Johannes von Gmünd, who was also the architect of Freiburg Minster, rebuilt the damaged cathedral and in 1363 the main altar was consecrated. In 1421 Ulrich von Ensingen, who constructed the towers of the minsters in Ulm and Strasbourg, began the extension of the northern tower (Georgsturm). This phase ended in 1429. The southern tower (Martinsturm) was completed by Hans von Nussdorf on 23 July 1500. This date marks the official architectural completion of the minster. In the 15th century the major and the minor cloisters were added. The minster served as a Episcopal see bishop’s see until 1529 during the Reformation. In the 19th century two major restorations took place. From 1852 until 1857 the rood screen was moved and the crypt on the western side was closed. In the 20th century the main aim of renovations has been to emphasize the late Romanesque architecture and to reverse some modifications made in the 1850s. Additionally, the floor was returned to its original level in 1975 and the crypt reopened. A workshop dedicated to taking care of the increasingly deteriorating sandstone exterior was set up in 1985.
[edit] Further historical events
[edit] Pope's Election at Basel Cathedral
In 1424, Pope Martin V informed Basel’s government that their city has been chosen to be the site of the next council. The main goal of the meetings held by Basel’s council between 1431 and 1449 was to implement a church reform. Following *Pope Eugen’s order, president of the council at that time, Cesarini, left Basel in 1438. One year later, on 24 July 1440, Felix V was elected as a counter pope at Basel’s Münsterplatz. The German Emperor, Friedrich III, arranged for the dissolution of the council in Basel because Felix V could not prevail. After the closure of the pontifical university*, the citizens made an effort to establish a new university. The council’s secretary, Pope Pius II, made it possible to enact the papal bull and to open the Basel University as an independent university on 4 April 1460.
[edit] Destruction of religious paintings
During the iconoclasm of the Protestant Reformation Movement many valuable pieces of art belonging to the city of Basel and the minster were destroyed in 1528 and 1529. Numerous citizens stormed many of the churches in Basel, some of them by armed force in order to demolish paintings and statues. Huldrych Zwingli, the influential church reformer, refused the worship of God in the form of pictures as idolatry.
A group of 40 armed men is said to have ascended to the minster from the crowded market place approximately at 1 pm on 9 February 1529. Then, they attacked the church, where a clumsy guild member tipped over an altarpiece with a halberd which fell on the floor and broke apart. Afterwards they left the minster in order to get reinforcement. Then the chaplains locked the church. 200 men assembled and rumbled in front of the locked gates of the minster. Finally they forced the way in and smashed and scrunched crucifixes, pictures of the Virgin Mary and saints as well as altars in their frenzy. In the further course of the afternoon the iconoclasm extended to other churches in Basel.
Desiderius Erasmus of Rotterdam described the iconoclasm of Basel in a letter [2] on 9 May 1529 as follows:
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This Von Standbildern wurde nichts unversehrt gelassen, weder in den Kirchen noch in den Vorhallen noch in den Kreuzgängen noch in den Klöstern. Was von gemalten Bildern vorhanden war, wurde mit einer Übertünchung von Kalk bedeckt; was brennbar war, wurde auf den Scheiterhaufen geworfen, was nicht, wurde Stück für Stück zertrümmert. Weder Wert noch Kunst vermochten, dass irgend etwas geschont wurde. does not cite any references or sources. (May 2008) Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. |
The impressive treasure of the minster could be saved and remained complete until the Canton of Basel was split into “half-cantons” in 1833.
[edit] Architecture
[edit] Georgsturm and Martinsturm
The main front which points at the west is bestrided by two towers. The northern tower is called Georgsturm (64.2 metres) and the southern tower is called Martinsturm (62.7 metres). The towers are named after Georg and Martin, saints of the knights. Copies of both saints are portrayed by corresponding equestrian sculptures next to the main entrance upon high pilasters below the particular towers. The statue of Holy Martin originated from the year 1340; today, the archetype can be found in the Klingentalmuseum. A mechanic clock and a sundial are located above the archetype. It is remarkable that the sundial of the *Basler Münster* shows the “wrong time” due to the *Basler Zeit*. Below the Georgsturm a monumental picture (1372) can be found which shows knight Georg fighting against a remarkably small dragon.
After a heavy earthquake in 1356 the *Münster* which originally had five steeples was reconstructed with only two steeples remaining. At the older Georgsturm the lower brighter part that has remained untouched can still be seen. In 1500 a gorgeous milkwort was put on top of the Martinsturm. By using the steep spiral stairs in the southern steeple it is possible to see the old church clock from 1883. The belfry is situated in between the two steeples which are connected through a gallery. Georgturm and Martinsturm can both be accessed by 242 stairs. From there you get an overwhelming view of the city of Basel and the foothills of the Black Forest and the Jura Mountains.
Both of the steeples consist of three lower, undivided storeys and several Freigeschosse. The two lower storeys are simple and block-like. The steeples’ upper storeys soar up the tracery gallery. As those were not constructed simultaneously, they differ slightly in their outer appearance. In contrast to the southern steeple, the octagonally cross-sectioned steeple and the steeple topping attach only over a rectangle storey at the northern steeple. Comparable to the *Freiburger Münster, lank Fialentürme* project at the corners of the octagons.
[edit] Main Porch
An empty column, which originally carried a statue of the Virgin Mary, is situated between the doors of the main porch. As it is typical of many other Gothic church porches, the tympanum above is likely to have depicted the Last Judgement. Both were destroyed during the Reformation Era (see: Iconoclasm). In contrast, the curvatures depicting prophets and kings, roses, dancing angels and Abraham have been preserved.
The benefactors Henry II and his wife, Empress Kunigunde, are portrayed left of the main porch. In the portrait the emperor, depicted as a surprisingly young and beardless man, is carrying a church model in his arms, which identifies him as the benefactor. Only after the renovation of the exterior (1880 – 1980), the empress was given a cross as another symbol of identification. Originally, she was carrying gloves.
On the right one can see the pictures of a seducer (“Prince of this World") and a misguided virgin.
While the virgin smiles and starts to undress, toads and snakes crawl in the back of the seducer. They should embody the evil. The image dates back to roughly 1280. The statues and brickwork of the cathedral consist of red sandstone which was found in Wiesental and Degerfelden.
[edit] References
- Except for some text in the introductory paragraph, this article is a translation of the German language article.
[edit] Footnotes
