Assessment of suicide risk
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| Suicide |
|---|
| History of suicide |
| List of suicides |
| Suicide rate |
| Views on suicide |
| Medical | Cultural |
| Legal | Philosophical |
| Religious | Right to die |
| Suicide crisis |
| Intervention | Prevention |
| Crisis hotline | Suicide watch |
| Types of suicide |
| Suicide methods | Copycat suicide |
| Cult suicide | Euthanasia |
| Familicide | Forced suicide |
| Internet suicide | Mass suicide |
| Murder-suicide | Ritual suicide |
| Suicide attack | Suicide pact |
| Suicide by cop | Teenage suicide |
| Related phenomena |
| Self-harm | Suicidal ideation |
| Suicide note |
The assessment of suicide risk is an important clinical skill for the medical community, although there is little information on the effectiveness of screening in a primary care location.[1]
People most at risk will have strong suicidal ideation with frequent, intense and prolonged thoughts of suicide, as well as a history of multiple well-planned attempts where rescue was unlikely. They express an unambiguous wish to die, and have a clear plan and the means to carry it out.
It is important to note that the risk of suicide attempts can be higher in groups that are less likely to succeed. For example, in on year the State of New York reported only 70 suicide deaths among teenagers, but more than 150,000 attempts. Because young people still live with their families they are more likely to be discovered in the act. It does not mean, however, that each attempt should not be taken seriously.
The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force considers that the strongest factor for suicide is mood disorders or other mental disorders. It also believes that adolescents and the elderly are more likely to commit suicide.[1] Between 3 to 5% of individuals with a history of self-injury commit suicide.[1] It is also believed that more than 75% of completed suicides are by white males, who have double the risk of suicide than black males. Native Americans were also reported to have a high risk of suicide.[1]
Another factor may be the conditions of a previous suicide attempt.[2] Other factors may be the situation after the suicide attempt.[2]Alcoholics may also be exposed to a high risk of repeating the suicide attempt.Other repeat factors may include having an antisocial attitude, living alone, and being a previous patient of out- or in-patient psychiatric care, or parasuicide admission.[2]
Factors associated with risk:[3]
- Age (45 and older or adolescent)
- Alcohol dependence or recreational drug use
- Irritation, rage, violence
- Prior suicidal behaviour
- Unwillingness to accept help[citation needed]
- Longer than usual duration of current depression
- Prior diagnosis of depression, psychosis, or other mental illness
- in-patient psychiatric treatment
- Recent loss or separation
- Loss of physical health
- Unemployment or retirement
- Being single, recently widowed or divorced, particularly when the person is without a support system
[edit] Stages of Planning
There are three levels of suicide contemplation. The basic task is to find which of these stages best describes how close someone is to actually acting on suicidal tendencies. At any of these levels the person is suffering from a thought disorder and needs professional counselling.
- Suicidal ideation - At this point suicide seems to the person to be the best answer to life's problems. There is no specific plan in place, and the person is toying with various methods of arranging their demise.
- Planning - The person has a preferred method of death and is setting up the situation to implement it. A person in this stage could be acquiring a weapon, making out a will, or writing letters of intent to be found after their death.
- Action - This person is carrying out a death plan. Disposal of assets, donations or large gifts, unexpected travel plans, or sending children or dependents to visit others without explanation are all signs of this stage. This person is in imminent danger of taking their own life.
The suicide method of choice is an important measure of the seriousness of the person's situation. The more lethal the method, the more serious the situation. The presence or lack of a support system, such as family and friends who can watch the person and see that they receive treatment, is also a consideration.
It is important to remember that anyone seriously considering suicide may be suffering from mental illness and may need treatment. One who has a set plan and is beginning to carry it out needs immediate attention. If no help is readily available, the person should go to an emergency room without delay. Someone who is idealizing suicide but has not planned to carry it out, or is in the early stages of planning, should be carefully observed and referred to a doctor, counselor, or other experienced person as soon as possible.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d Screening for Suicide Risk. U.S. Preventive Services Task Force. Retrieved on 2008-03-25.
- ^ a b c Protocols:Suicide Risk. gp-training.net. Retrieved on 2008-03-25.
- ^ L. Mattas-Curry (February 2000). "Eight factors found critical in assessing suicide risk". Monitor on Psychology. American Psychological Association. Retrieved on 2007-02-22.
