Ariadne auf Naxos
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| Operas by Richard Strauss |
|---|
Guntram (1894) |
Ariadne auf Naxos (Ariadne on Naxos) is an opera by Richard Strauss with a German libretto by Hugo von Hofmannsthal.
Contents |
[edit] Versions
The opera as originally conceived was to be a thirty-minute divertissement to be performed at the end of Hofmannsthal's adaptation of Molière's play Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme. As well as composing the opera, Strauss provided incidental music to be performed during the play. In the end, the opera occupied ninety minutes, and the performance of play plus opera occupied over six hours. It was first performed at the Hoftheater, Stuttgart, on 25 October 1912. The director was Max Reinhardt.
After the première, it became apparent that the work as it stood was impractical: it required a company of actors as well as an opera company, and was thus very expensive to mount, and its length was likely to be a problem for audiences. So in 1913 Hofmannsthal proposed to Strauss that the play should be replaced by a prologue which would explain why the opera combines a serious classical story with a comedy performed by a commedia dell'arte group. He also moved the action from 17th century Paris to 19th century Vienna. Strauss was initially reluctant, but he composed the prologue (and modified some aspects of the opera) in 1916, and this revised version was first performed at the Hofoper, Vienna, on 4 October of that year. This is the version that is normally staged today, although the original play-plus-opera is occasionally performed (for example, at the 1997 Edinburgh International Festival).
[edit] Roles
| Role | Voice type | Stuttgart Premiere, 25 October 1912 (Conductor: Richard Strauss) |
Vienna Premiere, 4 October 1916 (revised version) (Conductor: Franz Schalk)[1] |
|---|---|---|---|
| Prologue and Opera | |||
| The prima donna/Ariadne | soprano | Maria Jeritza | Jeritza |
| The tenor/Bacchus | tenor | Hermann Jadlowker | Béla von Környey |
| Zerbinetta | coloratura soprano | Margarethe Siems | Selma Kurz |
| Harlequin, a player | baritone | Albin Swoboda | Neuber |
| Scaramuccio, a player | tenor | Georg Mender | Hermann Gallos |
| Truffaldino, a player | bass | Reinhold Fritz | Julius Betetto |
| Brighella, a player | tenor | Franz Schwerdt | Adolph Nemeth |
| Prologue only | |||
| The composer | mezzo-soprano | Lotte Lehmann, replacing Marie Gutheil-Schoder |
|
| His music-master | baritone | Hans Duhan | |
| The dancing-master | tenor | Georg Maikl | |
| A wigmaker | baritone | Gerhard Stehmann | |
| A footman | bass | Viktor Madin | |
| An officer | tenor | Anton Arnold | |
| The Major-Domo | spoken | Anton August Stoll | |
| Opera only | |||
| Naiad, a nymph | high soprano | M. Junker-Burchardt | Charlotte Dahmen |
| Dryad, a nymph | contralto | Sigrid Onégin | Hermine Kittel |
| Echo, a nymph | soprano | Erna Ellmenreich | Carola Jovanovic |
| Servants | |||
[edit] Synopsis
[edit] Overview
Ariadne auf Naxos is in two parts, called the Prologue and the Opera. The first part shows the backstage circumstances leading up to the second part, which is in fact an opera within an opera.
[edit] The Prologue
At the home of 'the richest man in Vienna,' preparations for a party are under way. Two groups of musicians have arrived; one is a burlesque group, led by the saucy comedienne Zerbinetta, the other an opera company, who will present a serious opera, Ariadne auf Naxos. The preparations are thrown into confusion when the Major-domo announces that both performances must take place at the same time.
At first, the impetuous young Composer refuses to discuss any changes to his opera. But when his teacher, the Music Master, counsels him to be prudent—and when Zerbinetta turns the full force of her charm on him—he drops his objections. But when he realizes what he has assented to, he is once again plunged into despair, and storms out.
[edit] The Opera
Ariadne is shown abandoned by Theseus on the island of Naxos, bewailing her fate, as she mourns her lost love and longs for death. At this point Zerbinetta and her four companions from the burlesque group appear. They attempt to cheer Ariadne, but without success. In a sustained and dazzling piece of coloratura singing Zerbinetta insists that the simplest way to get over a broken heart is to find another man. In a comic interlude, each of the clowns pursues Zerbinetta.
The three nymphs, Naiad, Dryad and Echo then announce the arrival of a stranger on the island. At first Ariadne thinks he is the messenger of death; but in fact it is the god Bacchus. He falls instantly in love with Ariadne and promises to set her in the heavens as a constellation. Zerbinetta returns briefly to repeat her philosophy of love; then the opera ends with the passionate singing of Ariadne and Bacchus.
[edit] Instrumentation
- Woodwind: 2 flutes, piccolo, 2 oboes, 2 clarinets, 2 bassoons
- Brass:: 2 horns, trumpet, trombone
- Percussion: tambourine, timpani, drum, cymbals, snare drum
- Other: strings, harmonium, celesta, glockenspiel, piano, 2 harps
[edit] Sources
- Hartmann, Rudolf. Richard Strauss: The Staging of His Operas and Ballets. Oxford University Press. 1981.
- Holden, Amanda; (editor), with Kenyon, Nicholas and Walsh, Stephen [1993]. The Viking Opera Guide. London: Viking. ISBN 0-670-81292-7.
- Warrack, John and Ewan West, The Oxford Dictionary of Opera, 1992, 782 pages, ISBN 0-19-869164-5
