Archytas
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Western Philosophy Pre-Socratic philosophy |
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Archytas
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| Name |
Archytas
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| Birth | 428 BC |
| Death | 347 BC |
| School/tradition | Pythagoreanism |
| Main interests | - |
| Notable ideas | - |
| Influenced by | Philolaus |
| Influenced | Menaechmus |
Archytas (Greek: Αρχύτας; 428 BC – 347 BC) was an Ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician, astronomer, statesman, and strategist.
Archytas was born in Tarentum, Magna Graecia (now Italy) and was the son of Mnesagoras or Histiaeus. He was taught for a while by Philolaus and he was a teacher of mathematics to Eudoxus of Cnidus. He was a scientist of the Pythagorean school and famous for being a good friend of Plato. His and Eudoxus' student was Menaechmus.
Archytas is believed to be the founder of mathematical mechanics.[1] As only described in the writings of Aulus Gellius five centuries after him, he was reputed to have designed and built the first artificial, self-propelled flying device, a bird-shaped model propelled by a jet of what was probably steam, said to have actually flown some 200 meters.[2][3] This machine, which its inventor called The Pigeon, may have been suspended on a wire or pivot for its flight.[4][5] Archytas also wrote some lost works, as he was included by Vitruvius in the list of the twelve authors of works of mechanics.[6] Thomas Winter has suggested that the pseudo-Aristotelian Mechanical Problems is an important mechanical work by Archytas, not lost after all, but misattributed.[7]
According to Eutocius, Archytas solved the problem of doubling the cube in his manner with a geometric construction.[8] Hippocrates of Chios before, reduced this problem to finding mean proportionals. Archytas' theory of proportions is treated in book VIII of Euclid's Elements, where is the construction for two proportional means, equivalent to the extraction of the cube root. According to Diogenes Laertius, this demonstration, which uses lines generated by moving figures to construct the two proportionals between magnitudes, was the first in which geometry was studied with concepts of mechanics.[9] The Archytas curve, which he used in his solution of the doubling the cube problem, is named after him.
Politically and militarily, Archytas appears to have been the dominant figure in Tarentum in his generation, somewhat comparable to Pericles in Athens a half-century earlier. The Tarentines elected him strategos, 'general', seven years in a row – a step that required them to violate their own rule against successive appointments. He was allegedly undefeated as a general, in Tarentine campaigns against their southern Italian neighbors. The Seventh Letter of Plato asserts that Archytas attempted to rescue Plato during his difficulties with Dionysius II of Syracuse. In his public career, Archytas had a reputation for virtue as well as efficacy. Some scholars have argued that Archytas may have served as one model for Plato's philosopher king, and that he influenced Plato's political philosophy as expressed in The Republic and other works (i.e., how does a society obtain good rulers like Archytas, instead of bad ones like Dionysus II?).
Archytas drowned in a shipwreck in the Adriatic Sea. His body lay unburied on the shore till a sailor humanely cast a handful of sand on it. Otherwise, he would have had to wander on this side the Styx for a hundred years, such the virtue of a little dust, munera pulveris, as Horace calls it.
The Archytas crater on the Moon was named in his honour.
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[edit] The Archytas Curve
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This section does not cite any references or sources. (May 2008) Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed. |
The Archytas Curve is created by placing a semi-circle (with a diameter of d) on the diameter of one of the two circles of a cylinder (which also has a diameter of d) and then rotating the semi-circle about the cylinder's diameter. This rotation will cut out a portion of the cylinder forming the Archytas Curve. Another, less mathmatical, way of thinking of this construction is that the Archytas Curve is basically the result of cutting out a hemisphere of diameter d out of a cylinder also of diameter d. A cone can go through the same procedures also producing the Archytas Curve. Archytas used his curve to determine the construction of a cube with a volume of half of that of a given cube.
[edit] Notes
- ^ Diogenes Laertius, Vitae philosophorum, viii.83.
- ^ Aulus Gellius, "Attic Nights", Book X, 12.9 at LacusCurtius
- ^ ARCHYTAS OF TARENTUM, Technology Museum of Thessaloniki, Macedonia, Greece
- ^ Modern rocketry [1]
- ^ Automata history [2]
- ^ Vitruvius, De architectura, vii.14.
- ^ Thomas Nelson Winter, "The Mechanical Problems in the Corpus of Aristotle," DigitalCommons@University of Nebraska - Lincoln, 2007.
- ^ Eutocius, commentary on Archimedes' On the sphere and cylinder.
- ^ Plato blamed Archytas for his contamination of geometry with mechanics (Plutarch, Questionum convivialium libri iii, 718E-F): And therefore Plato himself dislikes Eudoxus, Archytas, and Menaechmus for endeavoring to bring down the doubling the cube to mechanical operations; for by this means all that was good in geometry would be lost and corrupted, it falling back again to sensible things, and not rising upward and considering immaterial and immortal images, in which God being versed is always God.
[edit] External links
- Archytas entry at the Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy by Carl Huffman
- Archytas of Tarantum by Giannis Stamatellos
- O'Connor, John J. & Robertson, Edmund F., “Archytas”, MacTutor History of Mathematics archive
- Pseudo-Aristotle, Mechanica - Greek text and English translation
[edit] Further reading
- von Fritz, Kurt (1970). "Archytas of Tarentum". Dictionary of Scientific Biography 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. 231-233. ISBN 0684101149.
- Carl A. Huffman, "Archytas of Tarentum", Cambridge University Press, 2005, ISBN 0521837464
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