Altmark Incident
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The Altmark Incident (Norwegian: Altmark-affæren) was a naval skirmish of World War II between the United Kingdom and Nazi Germany, which happened on 16 February 1940. It took place in what were, at that time, neutral Norwegian waters. It has the unique distinction of being the last major boarding action fought by the Royal Navy[citation needed].
In February 1940 the German supply ship Altmark was returning to Germany with about 300 British merchant sailors on board, prisoners of war that had been picked up from ships sunk by the pocket battleship Graf Spee. On its way from Southern Atlantic to Germany, the Altmark passed through Norwegian waters. It was investigated three times on February 14, 1940 by officers from Norwegian vessels, who boarded the ship and carried out cursory searches, taking the Germans' word that the vessel was conducting purely commercial business. First the tanker was boarded by the torpedo boat HNoMS Trygg off Linesøy Island, then by the torpedo boat HNoMS Snøgg in the Sognefjord, and finally personally by Admiral Carsten Tank-Nielsen and the destroyer HNoMS Garm in the Hjeltefjord. After the third boarding, Altmark was escorted southwards by torpedo boats HNoMS Skarv and HNoMS Kjell and the guard boat HNoMS Firern. The British prisoners held in the ship's hold reportedly made strenuous efforts to signal their presence, such as shouting loudly and banging on the sides of the hull, to the point where the German crew had to drown out the noise by running winches. However, the Norwegian search parties did not inspect the hold, and allowed the ship to continue on its way.
Altmark was then spotted off Egersund on February 15 by a British aircraft, which raised the alarm in the Royal Navy. After being intercepted by the destroyer HMS Cossack, captained by Philip Vian, the Altmark sought refuge in the fjord Jøssingfjord, but Cossack followed her in the next day and forced it to ground. The British then boarded the Altmark at 2220 hrs, February 16, and after some hand-to-hand fighting with bayonets, overwhelmed the ship's crew and released the prisoners. HMS Cossack left the Jøssingfjord just after midnight on February 17. It was, supposedly, the last incident in which cutlasses were used in anger by a boarding party. The Norwegian escorts protested, but did not intervene. The official explanation later given by the Norwegian government was that, according to international treaty, a neutral country was not obliged to resist a vastly superior force.
The Norwegians were angered that their neutrality had been infringed, but they did not want to be dragged into a European war. Nonetheless the Altmark incident sowed doubts about the Norwegian neutrality among the Allies, as well as in Germany. Both sides had contingency plans for military action against Norway, primarily to control the traffic of iron ore, on which the German armament industry depended in the early stages of the war. The Altmark incident convinced Adolf Hitler that the allies would not respect Norwegian neutrality, and on 19 February he decided to intensify the planning for Operation Weserübung, the occupation of Denmark and Norway, which eventually took place on 9 April 1940.
The Altmark incident gave the British a short-lived but sorely needed morale boost during the "Phoney War". The incident also had a more lasting propaganda effect in German-occupied Norway during the war, when the Norwegian collaborationist government tried to neutralize their nickname Quislings by using the location of the skirmish (Jøssingfjord) to coin the derogatory term jøssing, referring to pro-Allies and anti-Nazis. Their efforts backfired, as jøssing was immediately adopted as a positive term by the general public, and the word was finally banned from official use by 1943.
[edit] References
- Frischauer, Willi; & Jackson, Robert, The Navy's Here! The Altmark Affair
- Janusz Piekałkiewicz: Der Zweite Weltkrieg mit Vorwort von Sebastian Haffner. Düsseldorf 1985, ISBN 3-89350-544-X
[edit] External links
- Halford Mackinder's Necessary War An essay describing the Altmark incident as part of a cunning plan to embroil Russia in war with Germany.
